Art and Function in a T-Shirt Essay

Defining and evaluating artistic and aesthetic value has often been a problematic task. This is because aesthetic judgements are subjective and are influenced by prevailing cultural, economic, political, and social norms. Hence, the definition of art remains a contested domain between those who believe in â€Å"high art† and the advocates of artistic and cultural relativism. (Danto 35) The difficulty in ascribing aesthetic value to objects is evident in the fact that relativism, with its focus on the individual subjective experience, would render anything and everything as artforms since humans ultimately attach meanings to objects they possess. Changes in culture and socio-economic conditions also alter and influence the very standards by which the aesthetic value of art forms and other objects are judged. For instance, in judging a t-shirt with Bob Marley’s face printed on it on the front through the use of the silkscreen method, one easily dismisses it as a non-art when judged according to the traditional notions of fine art. This is because the t-shirt and the print on it do not express artistic creativity, which is a prerequisite for objects to be considered art forms. The t-shirt and the print, which can be replicated many times over by any one with knowledge on silk screen printing, do not possess relevant canonic properties of art such as unity, complexity, and intensity which could evoke intense human experiences and therefore, aesthetic appreciation (Goldman 185). The sight of the t-shirt does not stir up feelings of beauty nor does its fabric hold anything extraordinary for the senses. The print on the t-shirt does not convey a particular style to capture attention or cause pain or pleasure, at least not in the way that beholding Picasso’s paintings evoke wonder, mystery, and other psychological sentiments arising purely from the painter’s use of style, colors, and the imagination. Likewise, the t-shirt with the print on it was created not for the purpose of being admired as an art. As such, the t-shirt is not valuable in itself but gains value for its function to humans, contrary to traditional visual and other forms of art. Art forms are valued for their artistic worth or for their ability to command a definite blending of particular perceptual and sensory elements from the audience (Goldman 188). On the other hand, subjecting the t-shirt to evaluation based on the principles of aesthetic value leads to interesting results. The t-shirt with Bob Marley’s face printed on it clearly fulfills two aesthetic principles. First, the t-shirt becomes a medium for the image of Bob Marley, a cultural icon in reggae music and in the historical struggle of Jamaicans. In this case, the t-shirt with Bob Marley’s image transcends its status as an object worn by humans to cover themselves and becomes an expression of the values of reggae and Jamaican culture in a manner similar to cultural artifacts. Second, the t-shirt itself may be valued by an individual for the sentiments attached to the shirt. It could have been given as a gift for an occasion or has been worn to events associated with feelings of happiness which make the t-shirt valuable to the individual because of the memories of joyous times spent while wearing it. Thus, other people might consider the same t-shirt aesthetically valuable. Fenner observes that objects do not have intrinsic aesthetic value; rather it is the subjective experience of humans that create aesthetic value for objects, particularly the expectation of pleasure from an object (122). Those who appreciate and know Bob Marley may value his image on the t-shirt and subsequently feel pleasure or the elevation of other feelings associated with Bob Marley’s musical contribution and historical roots. As such, the t-shirt may be appreciated by people who share a cultural affinity with Jamaica or of the counterculture that Bob Marley represents. The value of Bob Marley’s silkscreened image extends to the t-shirt which carries it and reinforces the value of the shirt for its owner. The t-shirt, donned by the owner, can therefore be considered the medium for the expression of individuality and creativity of the wearer. Wearing Bob Marley may be a political or cultural statement for a particular culture, particularly as a representation of the struggle against apartheid or against conventional popular music and the culture it represents. Hence, the appreciation of Jamaican culture or reggae music becomes another definitive aspect of the aesthetic experience that may be separate from the experiences attached to the t-shirt as an object. Likewise, neither the fact that the t-shirt was not created for the sake of art nor its low economic worth prevents it from being categorized as an art form. Fenner notes that the presence of traditional aesthetic properties do not necessarily lead to an aesthetic experience or to the creation of an aesthetic value (121). Hence, the audience can view a pricey painting without feeling any connection with it which would make the painting worthless in terms of evoking a subjective experience of appreciation for creativity or imagination. On the other hand, the same audience may behold the image on a shirt and feel an instant connection, a feeling of intense emotions from memories or meanings attached to the object of attention. It is clear that the traditional definitions of art and the accompanying distinction and stratification between â€Å"high art† and â€Å"lowbrow art† has slowly been eroded with the rise of cultural relativism and postmodern theory. Doubtless, the rigid formality of art has come under attack even within various artists’ circles itself that ascribe to the fluidity and less structured styles of postmodern culture. Thus, even an ordinary t-shirt can now be considered an art form when, after critical analysis, it is able to fulfill the principles of aesthetic value. Works Cited: Fenner, David E.W. The Aesthetic Attitude. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1996. Goldman, Alan. â€Å"Beardsley’s Legacy: The Theory of Aesthetic Value.† The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 63.2 (2005): 185-190.

Design and Implementation of a Network Based Security Information System

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1Security information 2. Objectives 3. Justification CHAPTER TWO 2. Security concept 2. 1Definition of security 2. Security threats 3. Security & Information CHAPTER THREE 3. Description of the exiting security information system 3. 1Organizational structure 2. Fact finding method 3. Objective of the existing system 4. Programs of the existing system 5. Equipment of the existing system 6. Forms CHAPTER FOUR 4.Design of the network-based security information system 4. 1Method of data collection 2. System design – input, processing, output, information storage and retrieval CHAPTER FIVE 5. Implementation of the new system 5. 1Choice of programming language 2. Program flowchart of security record system CHAPTER SIX 6. Output interpretation CHAPTER SEVEN 7. Conclusion 7. 1Recommendati on ABSTRACT The fundamental aim of this project is to emphasize how a system of information network aids the government and police administration in decision taking through a range of statistical data as collected and analyzed in an existing information system.It also airs the different machines used in information processing system to reduce the much-engaged manual efforts. The system design is also introduced where cone is taken in the planning system, which is very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization. The proposed system is a network based expert system. All the work in the system will at the end achieve: -Data security -Handling of files -Speedy collection of information for security analysis -Storage of information for subsequent usage. – A forecast for the future security A dependable standard for decision taking on security matters as well as planning and control measures. -Existing equipment for security information listed and known. CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION Law enforcement administrations, Justice systems, legislators and the government functionaries often need information to efficiently disseminate and fulfill their official responsibilities of ensuring maximum security for their subjects. To achieve this, a system of information technology network is needed to aid the management in decision taking about the security of lives and properties.In this work â€Å"DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM† I will take a case study of â€Å"B’ OPS COMMUNICATION OF POLICE SHQ ENUGU† as an existing information network system in the police and analyze their process of data collection and hence design a new system which will enhance the output. 1. 1OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this program is strictly for the production of a reliable system of nation wide crime statistical information from all works and craning for administrative and operational use of th e executive and law enforcement management system.Another objective of this work is to make an improvement in the existing data security system. To create a way of speedy data collections for security analysis. For a network of information technology for security purpose and create a standard management information system forecasting for security together with good decision taking, planning and control programs. 2. JUSTIFICATION The process of executing the task of information management has been manually executed; quite unfortunately manual procedure reduces the output quality and consumed time.This work will examine a new system where th3e much needed human efforts are replaced with machines to achieve fast collection of data and easy processing to obtain healthy outputs. Also the need for information and data in the knowledge base doest not only answer to the problem of information over load but also helps in a state of crime statistics request, wherefore the computerization of s ome of this areas is very necessary because its importance in making crime investigators imbibe new and modernized methods and create public awareness of the society security policy. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW . SECURITY CONCEPT Security is defined in many ways due to the many contexts of its existence. In other words, security generally has to do with protection. It might be protection from undue access. Some attributes security to safe guiding from that, which may or may not lead to destruction. It might also be interesting to understand that security has to do with protection of the environment. It also has to do with valuables; this means that anything has to be secured must have value. Things of less importance to humanity and therefore anything that pose threat to life must also be prevented.Security is a very important issue in any organizations (system), no wonder VINCENT . E. ASOR in his seminar presentation at the Nigerian computer society’s conference of 2002 st ated that an organization with 98 percent security is actually 100 percent insecure. This means that adequate security must be in place for a smooth running of an organizational affair or a system. The police, who is the case study organization here defined security in the police training manual as the protection of lives and property coupled with the maintenance of law and order in a society. 2. 1SECURITY THREATSThey are criminal acts, which have a particular harmful effects on peoples lives and property and do more than interfere with merely private rights. They are simply crimes, Now the above brings us to the crime concept. What is crime? According to the BLACKSTONE, crime is violation of public rights and duties due to the whole community considered as a community. Williams defined crime as acts that is capable of being followed by a criminal proceedings having one of the types of outcome – Punishments. Also Hulsbury’s Law (adopted by the House of Lord’s in Board of Trade V.Ower 1957 as correct) defined crime as an unlawful act or default which is an offence against the public and render the person guilty of the act liable to legal punishment. The summary of the above crime definitions by the police manual defined crime as an unlawful act committed by a person or a group of persons. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SECURITY THREATS They are wrong doings which Judges have held, or the parliament has from time to time laid down which are sufficiently injurious to the public to warrant the application of a criminal procedure to deal with them, of course this does not enable us to recognize an act as a crime when we see one.Some acts are obviously harmful to the public that anyone would say they should be criminal and such acts almost certainly are, but there are many others about which opinions may differ widely. According to SIR CARLETON ALLEN, crime is crime because it consists of wrongdoings which directly and in serious degree threatens the sec urity or well being of the society. This explains why acts have to be made crimes either by judicial decisions or by legislation. A crime may remain a crime long after it has ceased to be a threat to the security or well being of the society.This ALLEN’S proposition tells us what (as he thinks) ought to be crime rather than what is crime. The public nature of crimes is evidenced by the contrast between the rulers of civil and criminal procedure. Any citizen can, as a general rule and in the absence of some provision to the contrary bring a criminal prosecution, whether or not he has suffered any special harm over and above other members of the public. As a member of the public he has an interest in the enforcement of the criminal law. 3. CLASSFICATION OF CRIMESThere is a problem that exist in the crime reporting system in Nigeria and especially the B’OPS COMMUNICATION OF THE POLICY, ENUGU STATE BRANCH in particular. This arises in the variations in definition of crimes among localities. This obstacle, as far as uniformity in definitions is concerned was removed by the adoption of a standard set of crime classification generally connotes its content. However in reading the explanation of each category, it is very important to keep in mind that because of the differences between the state codes, there is no possibility in a system such as ‘felony’ and ‘misdemeanor’.Crime classifications are in three categories. Viz crime against persons, crimes against property and crime of violence or crime against local acts. Crime against persons include: -Murder and non-negligent manslaughter -Aggravates assault forcible rape -Forcible rape -Robbery Crime against property includes: -Burglary -Arson -Stealing -Forgery and counterfeiting -Vandalism Crimes against local acts include; -Narcotic -Illegal possession, carrying of weapons -Prostitution and commercialized vice. 4. SECURITY AND INFORMATIONThere is no known security system that w orks without an information technology system. In fact security of a given society is to a high degree determined by the amount of information technology on ground. Thus it might interest one the to know that security are of differing contexts. An information system for a bankers dealing via an automatic teller machine differs from a network based information system for collecting, collating and analyzing statistical data for management use. There is also a system of inbuilt detectors in doors on entries to check explosives and metals.There is also a camera system on focus connected to a visual display unit for monitoring activities especially in banking halls and supermarkets. Hence information technology has a vital role to play in the task of ensuring maximum security. This work is based on an network based information system for collecting and collating as well as analyzing crime for the use of management at all levels of an organization in their task of decision taking, plannin g and control strategies based on security. CHAPTER THREE . DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system has been an almost manually operated system due to lack of sophisticated data processing machines that will by its efficiency replace the much engaged manual system in crime data analysis. The B’OPS COMMUNICATION of the Nigerian Police, Enugu State Branch, which is my case study organisation is changed with the responsibility of information management, processing and analysis. They are fond of information dissemination and collection of crime data.This crime information is being communicated to the police Administrations at all levels in all functions to enable them in their timely decision taking about the security of their jurisdictions for which they are responsible. EQUIPMENT:Irrespective of the lack of modern machines like computers, the B’OPS COMMUNITCATION SHQ ENUGU operates with some equipments and gates which includes -carrier wave radio sets (use d in receiving wireless telegraphy information). -Walkie talkies (used for timely interaction with men on duty). -Fax machines (for receiving documented information) Repeater set (enhances the reception of Transmitted messages) -Repeater station (enhances the signal strength of information at various stations) -Stand by Generator (used in cases of power failure) -Integration systems (for connecting different communication networks) FORMS:The organization makes use of three traditional forms for differing purpose. The form include the following: -Message form B1- Used for the reception and transmission of information. This is done manually by writing or talking with the recipient on the set. Signal register form B2 – This is the form used to register the particulars of all information received such that an observer can at one glance read the information. -Wireless operators LDG form B3 – This is a form used to write down events that took place at course of operation suc h as power outrage, atmospheric interference, Rainfall, thunders storm, generator braked down etc. that might interfere in operation. NATURE OF INFORMATION: B’OPS COMMUNICATION offices are situated at all police stations and jurisdictions with a divisional control link as data base management in SHQ Enugu known to them as control.The divisions are expected to constantly collect crime data around their jurisdiction and transmit some individually to the control who forms a statistical update of the information should be based on weekly, monthly and fairly bases as demanded by the administrators for security actions. 3. 1FACT FINDING METHOD The fact finding methods here can be classified into internal and external sources of data collection. -The internal source: This involves the use of information as recorded in the crime diary at police stations under different headings according to the crime distinctions within the specified period under investigation.Another source of inter nal information is the signal register-form B2. -The external source: This involves the use information facilities (like the Walkill talkie) to communicate the law enforcement officers in the society (on enforcement officers in the society (on operation). They mostly in this case communicate on events that need immediate intervention. Due to the fact that these events are legged down at each interval, the wireless operators log-form B3 is used as a medium whereby crime data can be collected. 2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The Nigerian police force is an organization known to exhibit hierarchy.For the above reason the B’OPS COMMUNICATION also fellow’s suit. The information flow is in a vertical dimension though there is horizontal flow at the operational levels. Information flow chart 3. THE INPUT, OUTPUT AND THE PROCESSING SYSTEM The process of executing this daily task of information dissemination and analysis though has some tools of automation is still lacking the basi c information technology (computer system) that will reduce or eliminate the much engaged manual system. The input method, which involves much writing, the processing which is also manual has to be automated. Examine the analysis in the diagram Below: . PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM There has not been enough information technology that will replace the much-engaged manual effort such as in the input and processing systems. There is no dependable storage system for information. Infor-tech facilities that can be used to store information and retrieve them when needed is necessary to be introduced in other to achieve the needed security of information. The process of dispatching the received information in the B’OPS COMMUNICATION, POLICE SHQ, ENUGU is purely manual thus this amounts to delay of information especially in cases of emergency.There is need to put adequate information technology in place to enhance the dispatch of this needed information and as well reduce human en gagement in this task. Mist of the wireless operators managing this information network are not properly trained especially in the area of operating modern information technology, therefore there is the need that expend in information management be trained properly in handling these modern tools. Barely all the form’s used in the existing system are traditional, there is the need to introduce the use of imaged form to enhance security of information and automation. . JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM The new system to be introduced in this work will eliminate or reduce the much engaged manual effort, introduce the use of experts is the use of information technology, replace the use of old fashioned tools on use with modern information technology tools and crown it all the system will achieve. 1. Data security 2. Handling of files for easy assessment 3. Reduce of eliminate error of computation 4. Speedy collection of information for security analysis 5. Prompt supply of informat ion for use in timely decision taking hby the managers 6.Information storage for subsequent use. 7. Easy dispatch system 8. Forecast for security planning. CHAPTER FOUR 4. DESIGN OF THE NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT The whole system involves the application of the system approach to problem solving with computers. The ingredients and materials are system elements, processes and information technology network. It is actually a customized approach to the use of computers for data analysis, automation and information management.This is reduction of the entire system by studying the various operations performed and their relationships within the system and examination of a business activity with a view to identifying problem areas and recommending alternative solutions. Also, for security of critical facts and restrictions, the system operation can best be operated in an INTRANET environment. 4. 1METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The fact-finding meth od here should be a situation whereby the information technology is engaged (ie computer), such that data can be Rayed in directly into the system. The forms in this case should be imaged forms and not usual traditional forms.The aggregate data collected and stored can and the different programs of computer. The network system is aimed at establishing information links between the various angles. 2. SYSTEM DESIGN Having studied and analyzed the manual processing operated by the B’ OPS CMMUNICATION of the Enugu State Police and the way it has been done; the proposed system design therefore enables one to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. In the system design, care is taken in the planning system very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization and automation.The proposed system is a computer based expert system. The system shall make use of expertise that has been gathered from skilled human resources about data management and information processi ng. All the work in the system will at the and achieve: Data security Handling of files or from. (the whole problem of missing file and statistics will be eliminated among the security circle). Reduce or Elimination the problems of computational error. Speedy collection of information Storage of information for subsequent or timely usage.Generally, the proposed system will help in the input, processing and output of information coupled with the storage which will be too cumbersome for individuals to handle in the manual system. During the process various crime facts will be collected within Enugu State as a jurisdiction under study. The data collected can be reported on daily, weekly , monthly or fairly bases as the case may be. The major crimes that were analyzed include: Armed robbery, murder, Burglary, House breaking, stealing, Kidnapping, child stealing, Arson, Rape and miscellaneous offence.The data collected will be arranged in a form to distinguish adult from juvenile crime s tatistics. 1. INPUT This system designed will create a situation where data will be keyed in directly into the computer the keyboard for immediate processing or storage. This expected to be carried out by a skilled expert in information technology management. 2. PROCESSING In this system the processing of data in order to achieve a pre-defined goal (information) is carried out electronically through some define instructions at a very fast pace (rate) with information technology tools (computes) which help; to improve efficiency and automation. . OUTPUT After actual processing is over the required information or output is generated and accessed by the user for importance. Thus an information is never confirmed until it is able to meet the need of the management which includes urgency, confidentiality and decision taking about the activities (here security) for which the activities are responsible. 4. INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL The computer network system have the advantage of providing a suitable information storage and retrieval system requiring data to be structured, tored and retrieved in a memory that suits the kind of data and information needs of the users at all the levels. CHAPTER FIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM CHOICE OF PROGRAMMEING LANGUAGE Among the existing high level and low-level programming languages, I choose QBASIC programming language considering a lot of factors and features in the structure of my work. First, I observed that QBASIC consist of features that will help the writer achieve the logistic needs of the project work in terms of access methods such as the RANDOM ACCESS of some parts of the work and the SEQUENTIAL ACCESS of some other parts of the programs.CHAPTER SIX OUTPUT INTERPRETATION This program is purely more of an interactive system. It consists of the main program which houses a lot of subprograms of several analysis. Before the min menu, is a software restriction called PASSWORD which must be obeyed before acces s to the main menu form the main menu is provided multiple options of the sub menus which now ask a series of question as the case may b. in the main menu, there are four sub-menus of four major modules, THE RECORD INPUT MODULE, FILE MAINTENANCE MODULE, REPORT GENERATION MODULES AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION MODULE THEN THE EXIT.The REPORT GENERATION module comprises of five sub menu called monthly reports and monthly statistics, annual report, annual statistics from the entire jurisdiction and a forecast report. This module gives the monthly and annual state of crimes from the various divisions for use. The forecast report is projected as a result of the report generation. The FILE MAINTENANCE module takes care of the necessary treatment and enhancement of the files in the program. It houses a lot of submenus for the operation. Also, in the program a provision and/or module is created to check and access the present state of the work.CONCLUSION This work is carefully researched and pr epared for the citizens who are interested in the general security picture of Enugu State, Nigeria. The volume trend and rate of crime related to current population is quite amazing. The crime index offence are grouped into three major categories and were extensively discussed to better describe the nature of these security threats. The objective of this work is achieved when managements at all levels and polices administrations can use the reports generated (information) in decision taking about the security situation of the state.An example of the use of crime statistics the baring of the high capacity motorcycle use within Enugu state in early 2004, this is following the high rate of Armed robbery perpetrated with such high capacity bikes. The work will also help to forecast the nature, trend and distribution of crime wave in the state thereby enabling the people concerned to reinforce for the combat. CHAPTER SEVEN RECOMMENDATION Based on the findings and relevance of this work t o the society. I simply and concisely made drawing from my own exceptional experience and the information obtained from the B’ OPS COMMUNICATION of Enugu State Police during the system study.The fruit and importance of this work is not valid for members of police force or the Administrations, but will prove to be a source of information and guidance to researchers with scientific or legal aspects of the foresenic work. The state B’ OPS COMMUNICATION should try to be computerized so that all their facts and data collection should be network based for adequate interactions, efficiency and stability. PROGRAM FLOWCHART OF CRIME RECORD SYSTEM PROGRAMMING Cls Finish $ = â€Å"N† Do while finish $ =†N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178): Next I Next J R = S : C = 20 For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219) Next IFor I = 0 To 8 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219) Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â₠¬Å"***† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Record Input ***† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, File Maintenance ***† Locate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Report Generation & Printing† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Statistical Presentation† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5, Exit † Mychoice = 0 Do while mychoice < 1 or Mychoice > 5 Locate R + 10, C: Input â€Å"Your Choice Please (1-5):†, Mychoice Loop Select Crime Mychoice Crime 1 Call Recinput Crime 2 Call Filemain Crime 3 Call Reportgn Crime 5 Finish $ = â€Å"EN† End selectLoop Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178); Next I Next J R = 5 : C = 20 Locate R,C For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219); Next I For I = 0 To 10 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219); Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â€Å"*Report Generation*† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Generate Monthly Report† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, Generate Annual Report† L ocate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Generate forecast Report† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Print Monthly Report† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5. Print Annual Report† Locate R + 8, C: Print â€Å"6. Print Forecast Report† Locate R + 9, C: Print â€Å"7. Exit †The Choice = 0 Do while the choice < 1 or the choice > 7 Locate R + 10, C: Input â€Å"Your Choice Please (1-7)†, the choice Loop Select Crime the choice Crime 1 Call Monthsta Crime 2 Call Annualst Crime 3 Call Forecast Crime 4 Call MonthRpt Crime 6 Call Forecarp Crime 7 Finished $ = â€Å"EN† End select Loop End Sub Sub Annual RP ‘Annual RP. BAS ‘ Annual Statistics Printing Program Dum M $ (28) Cls Open â€Å"I†, $ 1, â€Å"Annualst. FIL† Input $ 1, EN$ Close $ 1 Do Locate 10, 10: Input â€Å"Output To Screen or Printer (P or S):†;K$ K$ = U Crime$ (K$) Loop Until K$ = â€Å"P† or K$ = â€Å"S† Cls Open â€Å"I†, $ 1, â€Å"Annu alst. FIL† If K$ = â€Å"S† ThenPrint â€Å"B† OPS Police Communication† Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† Print: Print â€Å"For The Year;†: EN$ Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Apr† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 66 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 72 : Print â€Å"F† R = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (I) Input N1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Input N1, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14 Input #1, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22Input #1, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 1: Print C$ : Locate (R 8 + I), 3: Print F$ Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R 8 + I), 36 : Print M2 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M4 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R 8 + I), 60 : Print M6 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M7 : Locate (R 8 + I), 72 : Print M8 I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"May† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Jun† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Jul† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Aug† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7Input #1, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15, M16, M17 Input #1, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M9 : Locate (R 8 + I) 36 : Print M10 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M11 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M12 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M13 : Locate (R 8 + I) 60 : Print M14 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M15 : Locate (R 8 + I) 72 : Print M16 I = J + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key L ocate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Sep† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Oct† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Nov† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Dec† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6Input #1, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15 Input #1, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, Input #1, M24, T I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 30 : Print â€Å"Total† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 Input #1, M6, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13 Input #1, M14, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21 Input #1, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print T I = I + 1 Loop Close # 1 CALL GETKEY ELSE L Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† L Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† L Print : L Print â€Å"For Each Division† EN$ L PrintL Print â€Å" SN† : Tab (3); â€Å"Offences†; Tab(31); â€Å"Jan†; Tab (39); â€Å"Feb† L Print Tab (47); â€Å"Mar†; Tab (55); â€Å"Apr†; Tab (63); â€Å"May†; L Print Tab (71); â€Å"Jun†; Tab (79); â€Å"Jul†; Tab (87); â€Å"Aug†; L Print Tab (95); â€Å"Sep† ; Tab (103); â€Å"Oct†; Tab (111); â€Å"Nov†; L Print Tab (119); â€Å"Dec†; Tab (127); â€Å"Total† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 12 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) Cls OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Input #1, Y$ YY$ = STR$ (Val (Y$) + 1) OPEN â€Å"O†, #2, â€Å"FORECAST. FIL† OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Do While Not EOF (1) Input #1, Y$, C$, F4, M(1), F(1), M(2), F(2), M(3), F(3)Input #1, M4, F(4), M5, F(5), M6, F(6), M7, F(7) Input #1, M(8), F(8), M(9), F(9), M(10), F(10), M(11), Input #1, M(12), F(12), Total My = O : SM2 = 0 : Sm3 =0: Sm4 = 0: Smy = 0: M2y = 0 Fy = O : Sf = 0 Sf2 = : Sf3 = 0: SF4 = : Sfy = 0 : F2y = 0 For I = 1 To 12 Sm = Sm + I : Sf = Sf + 1 My = My + m (I) : Fy = Fy + F (I) Sm2 = Sm2 + I ^ 2 : Sf2 = Sf2 + I ^ 2 Sm3 = Sm3 + I ^ 3 : Sf3 = Sf3 + I ^ 3 Sm4 = Sm4 + I ^ 4 : Sf4 = Sf4 + I ^ 4 Smy = Smy + I * m (I) : Sfy + I * F (I) M2y = M2y + I ^ 2 * M(I) : F2y = F2y + I ^ 2 * F (I) Next I ‘ Store Values For Males In The A – Array Ready ‘ For Gaussian EliminationA (1, 1) = 12 : A (1, 2) = Sm2 : A (1, 23) = Sm2 : B (1) = My A (2, 1) = Sm : A (2, 2) = Sm2 : A (2, 3) = Sm3 : B(2) = Smy A(3, 1) = Sm2 : A (3, 2) = Sm3 : A (3, 3) = Sm4 : B(3) = M2y Call Gauss (x1, x2, X3) ‘ Estimate the figures for males for the ‘next three months Fm1 = X1, + X2 * 13 + X3 * 13 ^ 2 Fm2 = X1 + X2 * 14 + X3 * 14 ^ 2 Fm3 = X1 + X2 * 15 + X3 * 15 ^ 2 ‘Store values for females in the A? Array ‘Ready for gaussian elim ination A (1, 1) = 12 : A(1, 2) = Sf : AC1, 3) = Sf2 : B(1) = Fy A(2,1 ) = Sf : A (2, 2) = Sf2 : A (2, 3) = Sf3 : B (2) = Sfy A (3, 1) = Sf2 : A (3, 2) = Sf3 : A (3, 3) = Sf4 : B(3) = F2y Call Guass (x1, X2, x3) Estimate the figures for females for the next ‘Three months Ff1 = x1 + x2 * 13 + x3 * 13 ^ 2 Ff2 = x1 + x2 * 14 + x3 * 14 ^ 2 Ff3 = x1 + x2 * 15 + x3 * 15 ^ 2 Print # 2, YY$, â€Å" † ; C$; â€Å" †; F$; â€Å" †; Fm1; â€Å" †; FF1 Print # 2, Fm2; FF2 T Loop Close # 1 End Sub Sub Forecarp ‘Forecarp . Bas ‘Forecast Figure Printing Program Dm M$ (9) Cls Open â€Å"1† , # 1, â€Å"Forecast . Fil† `Input # 1, YY$ Close #1 Do Locate 10, 10 : Input â€Å"Output to Screen (P or S) : â€Å" ; K$ K$ = U Crime $ (K$) Loop Until K$ = â€Å"P† Or K$ = â€Å"S† Cls Open â€Å"1† , #1, â€Å"Forecast. Fill† If K$ = ‘S† Then Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† Print : P rint â€Å"For The Year : YY$Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å" Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å" Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† R8 = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (1) Input #1, YY$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Locate (R8 + I), 1 : Print C$ : Locate (R8 + I), 3 : Print F$ Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R8 + I) 36 : Print M2 Locate (R8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R8 + I) 48 : Print M4 Locate (R8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R8 + I) 60 : Print M6 I = I + 1Loop Close #1 Else L PRINT â€Å"B’ OPS POLICE COMMUNICATION† L Print : LPrint â€Å"For the Year : â€Å"; YY$ Lprint Lprint â€Å"SN†; TAB(3); â€Å"Oddwnxwa†; Tab(31); â⠂¬Å"Jan†; Tab(39); â€Å"Feb† Lprint Tab (47); â€Å"Mar† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 3 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) For I = 1 To 9 Input #1, M$ (I) Next I Lprint M$ (2); Tab(3); M$(3); Col 8 = 26 Total = 0 For I = 4 To 8 Step 2 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 LPrint Tab (Col 8); M$ (I + 1); Total = Total + Val (M$ (I)) + Val (M$ (I + 1)) Next I L Print Tab (60) : Total Loop End ifClose #1 YY$ = Input $ (1) End Sub SUB GET KEY Locate 24, 10 : Print â€Å"Press Any Key To Continue† Do A$ = INKEY$ Loop Until A$ < > â€Å" † END SUB ———————– FORCE COMMUNICATION STATE COMMUNICATION DIVISIONAL COMMUNICATION Cls Screen 9,0,0 color 3 Finish $ = â€Å"N† Dowhile finish $ = â€Å"N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, 1 For I = 1 To 80 Print Chr $ (178) Next I: Next J Locate R + 1, C:? â€Å"Main Menu† Locate R + 2, C:? â€Å"1. Record Input† Locate R + 3, C:? â€Å"2. File Maintenance† Locate R + 4, C:? â€Å"3. Report generation and Printing† Locate R + 5, C:? â€Å"4. Statistical Presentation†Locate R + 6, C:? â€Å"5. Exit† MYCHOICE = 0 DO WHILE MYCHOICE < 1 OR MYCHOICE > 5 LOCATE R + 10, C:INPUT â€Å"YOUR CHOICE PLEASE (1-5):† MYCHOICE LOOP IF SELECT CRIME MYCHOICE CRIME 1 CRIME 2 CRIME 3 CRIME 4 CRIME 5 Finish $ = â€Å"Y† End selected Locate 24, 10 Print â€Å"Press Any key To† â€Å"Continue† Do A $ = In keys Loop until A$ â€Å" â€Å" END SUB EXIT CRIME 1 SUB REC INPUT ASSIGNMENT BOX IF PRINT = â€Å"KEY† â€Å"Murder† â€Å"Suicide† â€Å"Wounding† â€Å"Assault† â€Å"Kidnapping† â€Å"Rape† â€Å"Armed Robbery† â€Å"Stealing† â€Å"Burglary† â€Å"Arson† â€Å"Narcotics† â€Å"Traffic Offeence† House Breaking â €Å"Store Breaking† Miscellaneous† STOP CRIME2 SUB FILEMAIN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN = â€Å"y† DISPLAY RECORD DELETE RECORD REMOVE DELETE RECORD EDIT RECORD EDIT RECORD EXIT STOP CRIME 3 SUB REPORT GN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN T$ = â€Å"y† Generate Monthly Report EXIT Generate Annual Report Generate Fore Cast Report Print Monthly Report Print Annual Report Print Annual Report IF EN =3 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL CRIME 4 SUB ANNUALST INPUT â€Å"DIV†; EN IF EN =2 IF EN =1 JAN JAN FEB FEB MAR MART APR APR MAY MAY JUN JUN JUL JUL AUG AUG AUG SEP SEP SEP JAN STOP OCT OCT OCT NOV NOV NOV DEC DEC DEC STOP STOP

Art history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art history - Research Paper Example During this period of time Vase painting goes through different styles and techniques in development which have replaced each other. This assignment will conduct a research regrading four objects of the pottery art of Ancient Greece. The purpose of the work is analyzing of two objects which belong to the Geometric and the Orientalizing periods plus 2 objects utilizing the black-figure and the red-figure techniques as well. The basic material for the production of pottery in Ancient Greece was simple plastic ferruginous clay, giving the fired pottery brick-red or pale yellow shade. Earthy colors were used for painting products, and the most wonderful one was a shiny black lacquer. The painting of antique products was produced on the wet clay, which required a lot of confidence and a skillful hand of the draftsman. Let’s trace the peculiarities of Geek vase painting evolution by detailed examining of the four chosen, according to the sequence of the mentioned periods in the history. The most striking view of the very early works of decorative art of Ancient Greece is made by the vases which are decorated with geometric traceries. So our first object belongs to the Geometric period of Greek pottery, which is expressive in its own way and very conditional in forms. It is the Heron Class Olla which is very similar to the Kylix, a vessel with a short neck and wide mouth, often supplied by two horizontal handles and used for wine storage. Originally it is rounded and convex, with time becomes more oval and flat. We can see the characteristic features of the whole period of art in this vase. They are the large geometrical patterns on the most space of the object, the typical decorations conducted with the help of a compass, circles and semicircles, alternating geometric design drawings established in different registers of patterns, separated from each other, enveloping the vessel with the horizontal lines. The other bright feature of Geometric period is the

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism is a serious offence as it involves intellectual theft which is an offence against the original author. Plagiarism will entail not giving sufficient credit for another author’s ideas or words, claiming to be the author of some work without doing the work and claiming another author’s artistic or scholarly work as your own (Thompson, 2008). Plagiarism is wrong as it involves stealing another authors ideas which is morally not any better than stealing a car, or something else. It is also wrong because it represents information illiteracy as it shows that someone is not capable of researching and presenting one’s own ideas and thoughts, and this means that someone is not capable of handling their own information, which amounts to effective illiteracy. The Internet has made cheating or plagiarism easier than ever before as there are thousands of relevant sources in the Internet and students can simply copy and paste information and use it on their term pap ers or essays. Students may engage in plagiarism for various reasons and it can be intentional or unintentional. At times, students are overwhelmed by workload, and they may have deadlines being the first reason for the lack of understanding of the procedures for citing materials from other sources. Not understanding how to cite will make the student make mistakes while citing sources, and this amounts to unintentional plagiarism. Some students may have bad time management skills, which will result in plagiarizing their assignments or term papers because they do not have enough time to search for information and present it as their own through proper paraphrasing and citation. Deadlines and multiple assignments at the same time make other students plagiarize as they will have not enough time to research and present plagiarism free papers.in the event of trying to hand in assignments on time, students will search the Internet and copy paste information so as to beat the deadlines.

Mans Search for Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mans Search for Meaning - Essay Example However, the 20th century revealed another image of human, less generalized and, in his drives, a more individual one. Viktor E. Frankl, mostly basing his ideas on his psychoanalytic experience in concentration camps during World War II, had developed quite opposite to Freud’s one, and more current point of view on a subject. According to Frankl, one of the key drives for human existence is finding a meaning of life. Considering human as an animal of higher order, Freud naturally generalizes drives of human life to instincts, which are common for all people, and also are inherent for all human beings. Thus, the reasons for individual to behave in particular way also originate from the â€Å"inside† of a human, because those reasons are rather inherent or based on individual’s past. Freud is known to be the â€Å"father† of psychoanalysis, and in his studying of neuroses he also believed, that the common origin for all mind disorders is a past psychological trauma. Therefore, neuroses are caused by those human desires which once in the past were repressed by individual himself (even if he was forced to repress his desires as the result of psychological trauma). This idea naturally comes from Freud’s structural model of human’s psyche, which consists of three parts. â€Å"Id† is a driving force for all human actions and behavior, and is in common for all hu man beings. â€Å"Ego† is human’s individuality, which is reasonable, and therefore establishes connections between â€Å"id† and â€Å"superego†. â€Å"Superego† is a human inner censor, who gauges actions. â€Å"Superego† is based upon issues of authorities. Yet Freud rests most of the responsibility for human behavior on that â€Å"id†, which always stays in common for all individuals while â€Å"ego† and â€Å"superego† depend on conditions very much. In his book, Man’s Search for Meaning Frankl brings next Freud’s utterance.

The human resource system in the accounting profession Term Paper

The human resource system in the accounting profession - Term Paper Example Working in a small organization gives a person an opportunity to share ideas and issues that might be affecting his/her performance. This reduces the need for having a human resource department. On the other hand, working in a small organization exposes an employee to exploitation because such organization does not require human resource to run the affairs of the organization. Therefore challenges that an employee goes through are not well adressed (Rothwell, Taylor, & Prescott, 2010). Working in a large organization creates harmony and togetherness due to teamwork. This reduces the need for human resource to use rewarding system in order to motivate the employees. In addition, one can be able to further his/her training due to different training programs that are suggested by human resource department (Hopper, Uddin, & Tsamenyi, 2012). As a result one is able to diversify his/her skills. On the other hand, working in a large organization reduces management concentration on a single individual. A large organization deals with many people therefore becoming hard to understand individual’s problem and challenges that might be affecting the performance (Daft,

Macroeconomics for business and government Essay

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BRIDGES OF KEESEVILLE (NEW YORK) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

BRIDGES OF KEESEVILLE (NEW YORK) - Essay Example Materials for building and construction that in use presently have some long history while certain structures constructed many years in the past are considered remarkable even today. In order for one to gain an understanding of why structures have been constructed in the manner in which were in the old age, it happens to be vital to look into the human activities within the past. Basically, this may be done done by way of recovery as well as analysis of material, culture as well as data of the environment, which has been left behind. There are several trends that mark construction history basically in the part of materials used. At first the materials were perishable, for instance grass hides. There then came more durable natural materials like timber, stone, clay, stone then event rely synthetic materials were introduced, for instance, brick, metallic, concrete as well as plastics. Old constructions that stand firm up to this day represent a great deal of culture and history and are regarded as significant historical sites apart from the services they offer. Keeseville stone arch bridge is a good example of such structures. Despite the significant services offered by the structure, is quite important in the heart of Keeseville region representing the past of the district. The upper bridge has been located within Keeseville village, where there lives a rural community and the village is located at the northeastern area of Adirondack Park. This bridge runs across the Ausable River that gets waters from the high peaks of Adirondack and flows around 5 miles down from Keeseville to lake Champlain. The stretch happens to be particularly beautiful for the river while it happens to be quite popular for recreation as well as fishing. Ausable River happens to be among the Wild as well as Scenic river system of New York State. This river

How My Children Helped Change My Life Essay Example for Free

How My Children Helped Change My Life Essay When my children were born, I knew my life was going to change. I started to feel complete with my life the day my son arrived. Even more complete when my little girl was first placed in my arms. My children have been my rock over the last three and a half years. They have helped me learn, grow, and love by showing me the world through their eyes. My children have helped me become a better role model and friend. They have helped me through my education. With my children I’m always learning something new. Most importantly my little ones have taught me how to love in a whole new light and it’s the small things in life that matter. A few years ago when I was about the age of 16 I knew that I had always wanted to be a mother. At that time I was going through a very difficult stage. I had my head wrapped around alcohol and a not so pleasant drug. As I proceeded to live the life I knew I never wanted, I had a lady a couple years older than me express that she loved her children but she loved the drug we chosen to do and that would never change. I threw my hands up, walked out the door and never returned to that life. I knew I was not destined to be that person. At the age of 18 I had found I was pregnant with my son. My old life was behind me and I knew this child was going to change my life forever. It had changed me into a mother. A month after my son’s first birthday when got the news I was pregnant with my second child. Even though Alieric was only a year old, I think the little man was more excited for a baby than me. He helped me as much as his little fingers could during his my pregnancy. He would grab me trash cans, rub my tummy, and talked to the baby every day. He loved his sister before she even arrived. He touched my heart in more ways than one and showed me even as a tiny person, love still had the power to conquer all. The day my daughter was born, I had to leave my son with a friend until his sister actually arrived. It broke his heart. I promised him that as soon as she was here he would be one of the first people to see her. I reassured him that she was going to love him as much as he had already loved her. That was the day I vowed never to break a promise to him or our new little bundle of joy. Now my children are hitting 4 years and 2 years. As they have grown I have tried my best to show them right from wrong and encourage them to help others as much as they can. Respect and appreciation is something that has been a huge part of my life and now that I have passed that down to my children, I get scolded from them when they think I’m being rude. They teach me right from wrong , and put their mommy in check. â€Å"Say bless you mommy†, â€Å"You’re excused†, â€Å"Mommy that wasn’t nice†, â€Å"I think you owe grandma an apology mom†. Those are the statements you might hear my children say on a daily basis. As I instill respect in them, they also instill respect and courtesy in me. I started school at the Goal Academy in 09 right after my son was born. I pushed myself for him so I could give him a future but that schooling wasn’t working for me. I moved on to the Alternative High School Diploma Program at PCC. Through that program I was pregnant with my little girl and with another baby on the way I pushed myself even harder to get through the program to graduate for them. Every day before I left my son would wish me luck, tell me to do a great job and that he knew that I could do it. That was all the motivation I needed. I made it through it 6 months! My little man guided me through it. He was there to watch me walk across the stage at graduation and all I could hear was him rooting for me. I was on proud momma that my son had so much faith in me. Now as I walk out the door each morning for college and my kiddos stay home , it fills my heart to hear them say things like â€Å" kill that test mom†, â€Å"you got it mommy†, â€Å"see you later, I know you can do it†, â€Å"Have a good day at school†. They are my inspiration and guidance to stay in school. They move me to better and get good grades so I can get the degree I want so I can give them a great life. With my children encouraging me and always being there for me through school , I know I will never give up. They won’t allow it. My children have so much faith in me and knowing that helps me have faith in myself. They teach me compassion and love . They have taught me that every day is a blessing . That god has given me these children for a reason and they have a purpose in life. To my children I’m wonder women for everything I do. They teach me something new with each new passing day, whether it be how to let loose and be free or how to care for their own owies. They teach me how to care for them by just being the little unique individuals that they are. They teach me different things through their personalities. In life they are going to teach me who they are, and along the way, even now, they have taught me who I am. I am a mother. It’s an amazing feeling to say that my children are two of my biggest accomplishments in life. As the end of November 2013 rolls around we will be welcoming a new baby into our little family and I couldn’t be more excited. Just like when I was pregnant with my daughter and how my son helped out, he has now taught his sister to help mommy and how to love this little baby even though he/she isn’t here yet. I could be anymore grateful or proud of my children than I am now. My children are my role models, my blessings and most of all my best friends. They have changed my life more ways than I can count and helped me mold into the person I am today. I honestly wouldn’t change one thing in my life and I’m proud to carry the title â€Å"Mommy†. I will forever hold that title dear to my heart and will never forget who was and still is there for me the most, my beautiful amazing children.

Johnson vetoed the first and second reconstruction acts Essay Example for Free

Johnson vetoed the first and second reconstruction acts Essay The impeachment of the 17th president of the United States, Andrew Johnson was a key event in the history of Reconstruction as well as in the history of our nation. In the spring and summer of 1864, it seemed unlikely that Abraham Lincoln was going to be reelected. Not only had the war been going rather badly for the Union, but a president had not been reelected in the past thirty years and it was almost understood that Lincoln would follow that form. One of the ways in which Lincoln helped himself to get elected, as well as planning for the time in which the North and South would need to be reconciled to each other, Andrew Johnson, representative from the border state of Tennessee was selected. Johnson was a Southerner but he hated with a passion, his countrymen from the south who left the Union and despised them. However, despite his hatred for the Southern aristocrats, which Johnson had blamed for the Civil War, he certainly was no friend to the African American and this apathy towards their plight would be seen in one veto after another. Johnson also vetoed the Freedman’s Bill which sought to ensure that the newly freed African Americans would have land and a chance to make a new life for them and to ease the transition from a life of slavery to one of freedom. All of the above mentioned, led to the first impeachment of an American President. The radical Republicans became increasingly frustrated at the rate in which President Johnson was vetoing everything that they had worked so hard to form as it was their goal to make sure that the Civil War was not fought in vain. President Johnson, in the minds of the Radical Republicans and an increasing number of other representatives in both Houses of Congress, started to see Johnson as the enemy. When President Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, it was seen as the last straw and impeachment procedures begun. However, even though Johnson escaped formal impeachment by a single vote, his hopes for a second term, and his first full term, vanished as he was now seen in league with the Southerners whom he had previously professed to hate. When Andrew Johnson was selected by President Lincoln as his running mate in the 1864 election, many Republicans, especially radical Republicans like Thurlow Weed and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, were very suspicious of Johnson’s motives as he was from Tennessee. Their fear left when Johnson expressed his hatred towards the aristocratic land owners of the South, whom he had faulted for the start of the war in the first place. However, suspicion soon returned when Johnson made his feelings know concerning the need for Reconstruction in the first place: â€Å"Those states have not gone out of the Union. Therefore reconstruction is unnecessary. † This would be a theme that Johnson would keep through his formal responses concerning his multiple vetoes. Johnson was either hopelessly optimistic about the plight of the African Americans in the South, apathetic, or purposely took on a mission to help the white farmers against what he considered the legislation of the reformers to be in aid of the black farmer over the white. When Congress met in December of 1865, the first time that both Houses had met since the death of President Lincoln, only Mississippi had failed to adopt the lenient measures that both President Lincoln and Johnson had put in place in order to ease the transition of the South back into the Union. When it was realized that the Southern legislations had placed African Americans in a sort of quasi slavery through the restrictive black codes, Radical Republicans were enraged and sough to instill within the southern states, a series of laws which would ensure and forever protect the rights of the African American as it was their legal rights that were to be protected, the Union had the ability to ensure that these rights were enforced by their military presence in the area and to make sure that the Civil War was not fought in vain. These were the motivations of the Radical Republicans and it soon became clear, that such goals were in direct conflict with the motivations of President Johnson. The trouble between Congress and President Johnson began in February of 1866 with the veto of the Freedman Bill. The original bill had been passed in March of 1865 and it was up for its yearly renewal. The bill called for the redistribution of land to the freedmen, provided schools for their children and set up courts which were reinforced by the military which ensured that these laws would be carried out. President Johnson did not see the need for such expenditures and called it too expensive and unconstitutional. â€Å" I share with Congress the strongest desire to secure to the freedmen the full enjoyment of their freedom and property and their entire independence and equality in making contracts for their labor, but the bill before me contains provisions which in my opinion are not warranted by the Constitution and are not well suited to accomplish the end in view. † Since then, it has become clear by historians that this was not the true motivation of President Johnson. â€Å"President Johnson sought to return African Americans to a state of the oppressive and restrictive black codes. In being an enemy of the large land owners of the South, he still was no friend to the African American. † Also, there seemed to be a sense of ignorance concerning the condition of the African American in these southern states. Upon closing his formal reply in this veto, President Johnson said: â€Å"It is hardly necessary for me to inform Congress that in my own judgment most of these states, so far, at least, as depends upon their own action, have already been fully restored and are to be deemed as entitled to enjoy their constitutional rights as members of the Union†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would mean, and it would be a common theme that would be seen in many of President Johnson’s responses to repeated measures by Congress to expand or protect the rights of the African America, that President Johnson would not be aiding in any legislation which helped to protect the rights of the African American, despite his aforementioned statements. The next measure which put President Johnson at odds with the Congress was his veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill. The Civil Rights Bill was put in place as a reaction the oppressive Black Codes which the South had implemented in order to return African Americans to as close to their previous slavery conditions as possible. Within these codes, African Americans were given a curfew, were not allowed to carry guns, serve on a jury or congregate with other African Americans in a group to name a few of the provisions. The Civil Rights Bill would later be used as a stepping stone for the 14th amendment which said that all persons born in the United States are therefore citizens and as a result, are entitled to equal protection under the law. In his veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill, President Johnson stated: â€Å"This provision of the bill seems to be unnecessary, as adequate judicial remedies could be adopted to secure the desired end without invading the immunities of legislators, always important to be preserved in the interest of public liberty; without assailing the independence of the judiciary, always essential to the preservation of individual rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was believed by the Radical Republicans that such beliefs were not only overly optimistic and ignorant of the current situation in the South, they were simply wrong. The Congress would override Johnson’s veto on the Freedman’s Bill and sought to do the same here. However, President Johnson continued to veto every bill that dealt with Reconstruction and further alienated himself from both Houses of Congress. 1867 would not be a kind year in the Johnson Administration. On March 2nd of that year, President Johnson vetoed the first of two Reconstruction Acts that would be presented to him. The Reconstruction Bill stated that in order for the previous laws to be enforced within the Southern States, the South would be divided up into military districts and put under a type of martial law, depending upon the severity of those who ignored the law. Again, President Johnson vetoed the bill as he saw it to be unnecessary. â€Å"This is a bill passed by Congress in time of peace. There is not in any one of the states brought under its operation either war or insurrection. The laws of the states and of the Federal government are all in undisturbed and harmonious operation. † This certainly was not the case but it would seem to be out of the character of President Johnson if he ever recognized the grave state that the African Americans were under within the South. President Johnson seemed to be oblivious towards this fact and his voting record surely did reinforce this notion. In March of 1867, President Johnson would veto his second Reconstruction Act which provided for military commanders to reconstruct the Southern states into states which would recognize the rights of the African American by force if necessary. In his veto, President Johnson again stated the lack of need for such pieces of legislation. â€Å"The existing Constitution of the ten States conforms to the acknowledged standards of loyalty and republicanism. Indeed, if there are degrees in republican forms of government, their constitutions are more republican now than when these States, four of which were members of the original thirteen, first became members of the Union. † President Johnson will always assert a sort of â€Å"lassie faire† notion towards the South; a notion that is in direct conflict with the Republican majority in both the House and the Senate and especially with regards to the very vocal Radical Republicans. Throughout 1867, The House Judiciary Committee, further irritated by Johnson’s repeated vetoes, sought to find some illegal activity in which to possibly impeach the President. However, upon their investigation, there was no evidence in which to do this. However, later that year, on August 12, 1867, President Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Stanton certainly was no friend of Johnson and there was no love loss between them. Stanton repeatedly undermined the President at every turn and President Johnson viewed Stanton as a hold over of the Lincoln Administration and not loyal to his administration. As a result of the firing, which was in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, eleven articles of impeachment were brought against the president. Ironically, it was this very law which President Johnson had vetoed earlier that year on March 2, 1867 in which he said: â€Å"The question, as Congress is well aware, is by no means a new one. That the power of removal is constitutionally vested in the President of the United States is a principle which has been not more distinctly declared by judicial authority and judicial commentators than it has been uniformly practiced upon by the legislative and executive departments of the Government. † President Johnson had overplayed his hand and formal articles of impeachment would be brought to him. On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson. Congress. The formal reason was the firing of Stanton but in reality, President Johnson’s refusal to adhere to the political flow of Congress, which at that time, sought to regulate by force if necessary, the Southern states into submission on the issues of securing the rights of African Americans. However, a President could only be impeached if he was guilty of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† as it states in the Constitution. Article I of the Impeachment document formally spelled out his charge of high crimes and misdemeanors: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on the 21st day of February 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath of office, and of the requirement of the Constitution, that he should take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States of America issue an order in writing for the removal of Edwin Stanton from the office of Secretary for the Department of War†¦.. † The impeachment committee was made up of all Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin Butler and James Wilson, the most notable of the cast. Johnson’s defense, as President Johnson was never present at the hearings, was Henry Stanberry, William Evarts and Benjamin Curtis as well as Jeremiah Black who would later resign from the hearings. On the first day of the trial Johnson’s defense team asked for a forty stay since they had not been given enough time to gather up their defense. The trial, which was processed over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, a former member of President Lincoln’s cabinet, allowed a stay of only ten days. Another six day extension was voted upon by the Senate and granted. On March, 30, the trial began in which Benjamin Butler, former Union General, talked for three hours in which he lambasted the President for his violation of the Tenure of Office Act and the fact that even that the President had given orders to subordinates of General Grant before even allowing him to see and review them. The defense opened by stating that President Johnson had not violated the Tenure of Office Act with the firing of Secretary of War Stanton and that Stanton had tried everything in his power to undermined the President at every turn. Also, the fact that President Johnson had not reappointed Stanton meant that his office was not under the protection of the Tenure Act. The prosecution called other witnesses but in the end, proved unhelpful. The prosecution added further charges to the President. Article VIII stated: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, with intent unlawfully to control the disbursement of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War, did unlawfully, and in violation of the Constitution of the United States of America, , and without the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States†¦ there being no vacancy in the office of Secretary for the Department of War, and with intent to violate and disregard the act aforesaid, then and there issue and deliver to one Lorenzo Thomas a letter of authority. The charges went further in order to prove that the firing of the Secretary of War was done with premedidation. Article IX states: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, by force to seize, take, and possess the property of the United Sates in the Department of War, and then and there in the custody and charge of Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary for said Department, contrary to the provisions of an act entitled An act to define and punish certain conspiracies, approved July 31, 1861, and with intent to violate and disregard an act entitled An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices, passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high crime in office. † It would also be the vocal opinions of the Radicals which helped the country to come to this stage in the first place. Charles Sumner stated that his objections with the President came from his many vetoes. † Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical Slave Power. In him it lives again. He is the lineal ancestor of John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis. And he gathers about him the same supporters. Original partisans of slavery North and South; habitual compromisers of great principles; maligners of the Declaration of Independence politicians without heart; lawyers, for whom a technicality is everything, and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against Equal Rights; these are his allies. It is the old troop of slavery, with a few recruits, ready as of old for violence cunning in device and heartless in quibble† Senator John Sherman voted to impeach the President because, he had abused his power and in his words: â€Å"Armed by the Constitution and the laws, with vast powers, he has neglected to protect loyal people in the rebel States, so that assassination is organized all over those States, as a political power to murder, banish and maltreat loyal people, and to destroy their property. All these he might have ascribed to alleged want of power, or to difference of opinion in questions of policy, and for these reasons no such charges were exhibited against him, though they affected the peace and safety of the nation. â€Å" However, there would be members of Congress which would come to his defense. One such member was William Fessenden who stated in his defense: â€Å"To the suggestion that popular opinion demands the conviction of the President o these charges, I reply that he is not now on trial before the people, but before the Senate. In the words of Lord Eldon, upon the trial of the Queen, I take no notice of what is passing out of doors, because I am supposed constitutionally not to be acquainted with it. And again, It is the duty of those on whom a judicial task is imposed to meet reproach and not court popularity. The people have not heard the evidence as we have heard it. † Lynman Trumble would also concur by stating in his formal decision: â€Å"What law does this record show the President to have violated? Is it the tenure of office act? I believe in the constitutionality of that act, and stand ready to punish its violators; but neither the removal of that faithful and efficient officer, Edwin M. Stanton, which I deeply regret, nor the ad interim designation of Lorenzo Thomas, were, as has been shown, forbidden by it. Is it the reconstruction acts? Whatever the facts may be, this record does not contain a particle of evidence of their violation. Is it the conspiracy act? No facts are shown to sustain such a charge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The trial had commenced and now a formal vote would be needed in order to either convict of acquit the President. In the end, senators who voted for his guilt numbered 35 and those for his innocence was 19 which was one shy of the necessary 2/3 vote needed from the senate. The Radical Republicans had gambled and lost and the zeal that the country had for Reconstruction, would eventually end with the Great Compromise of 1877. A quasi form of slavery would impede the African American from experiencing his equal treatment under the law and as a result, future laws which would be used. Jim Crow laws and grandfather clauses kept African Americans from the polls and placed their previous masters, as masters again. Also, the hopes that President Johnson had for reelection were gone and General Grant would follow him in two lackluster terms as President. It was a sad chapter for the President as well as the Presidency as a whole. Such events make historians wonder how the country would have been different had President Lincoln never been assassinated. Tempers among North and South might not have come to a head as they did and most accurately, African Americans would not have had to wait as long as they did for equal treatment under the law. The choice of Andrew Johnson for Vice President had consequences for the Union which could not have been seen when President Lincoln first appointed him as the Vice President in 1864. Only unhelpful speculation can possibly answer what the make up of this country and race relations for the forty years after the end of the Civil War would have looked like, had President Johnson, in the spirit of â€Å"malice towards none and charity for all. † Nobody will ever know. WORKS CITED Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History. New York: Century Press. 1947 Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals. New York: Simon Schuster 2006 Reconstruction and the Courts New York: PBS American Experience 2003 http://www. impeach-andrewjohnson. com/ Downloaded on June 5, 2007.

Advertising Strategy Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay

Advertising Strategy Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay Introduction: Understanding the advertising strategies is an important which determines the consumer motivation towards the purchase decision making. Depending on the nature of the product consumer will follow a certain distinctive stages which will form the purchase decision making process. Consumer purchase decision making process starts with problem recognition like identification of a problem or unfulfilled need of the consumer than the search for information. They can search information by different ways like impulse purchase decisions, internet, advertising etc. Then they will evaluate the alternatives and finally make the purchase decision. The final part of purchase decision making process include post-purchase evaluation. This is a very important sector for all the marketing managers to satisfy their after making the purchasing decision by checking whether the products meet the level of expectations or not. Advertising is a paid, mediated form of communication from an identifiable source which is designed to persuade the receiver to take some action at now or in the future. (Richards and Curran, 2002) 1.2 Problem Definition: Advertising strategy has an impact on consumer buying behaviour. Advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about the product and services to potential customers for convincing them to buy those products or services (www.enotes.com). the advertising strategy should be built in a rational and intelligent manner will reflect business consideration like overall budget and brand recognition and objectives such as public image enhancement, market share growth. 1.3 Rationale: Retail industries in UK are facing problems of understanding the consumer behaviour. Consumer interest to a particular product can be increased by their advertising strategy. Advertising strategy should be made in such a way which will understand the consumers mind and satisfying the needs and wants of the consumers. I want to use this study to protect customer rights and to increase awareness in customers mind. Also I want to raise the issue of establish societal marketing concept by the company, where a company should play an ethical role in the society for the benefit of society and normal consumer. 1.4 Organizational Background: This research is based upon Tescos advertising strategies to motivate their customers. Tesco is one of largest retail industry in UK. In the year 2000 Tesco has launched in UK. At the year 2001, Tesco launches `Customer Champions in many stores an in many implement a new labour scheduler to further improve service for customers and Tesco becomes the leading organic retailer in the UK and reaches to  £1 billion price cuts. In 2002, Tesco enters to Malaysia and offers Free-From products designed for customers with special dietary needs. In 2003, Tesco entered in Turkey and Japan in order to expand their business. Day by day Tesco is increasing their business in different areas and in 2004 Tesco enters in China and launched own-brand Fair trade range and Broadband. At this time tesco.com become the first major British supermarket to enter music and download music. In the year 2005, Tesco Home plus launches and Tesco announces annual profit of  £2 billion and Tesco exists the Taiwanese market in an asset swap deal with Carrefour involving stores and operations in the Czech Republic. In 2006, Tesco Direct launched and in 2007 Tesco opens Fresh and Easy in the US. In 2008, Tesco announces plans to establish cash and carry business in India and acquires 36 hypermarkets in South Korea from Homever. Tesco also launched discount brand and personal finance acquisition in this year. In the year 2009, another advertising strategy club card re-launched in the UK with  £150 million investment offering customers the opportunity to double up their vouchers. (www.tescoplc.com, 2010) 1.5 Research Background: At present, retail companies are giving aggressive advertisement to attract customers which impacts great changes on customers buying pattern. Sometimes their advertising strategy leads to un-ethical issues in the society. So, general customers and people in the society have been affected by enormous advertisement. This study will explore that issue. 1.6 Research Questions: What is the concept of advertising and consumer buying behaviour in the context of retail industries? What is the impact of advertising strategy on consumer buying behaviour in the UK retail industry? What is the impact of Tescos advertising strategy on the buying behaviour of its customers? 1.7 Research Objectives: Critically review literature on advertising and consumer buying behaviour in the context of marketing and business strategy in the UK retail industry. Collect and analyze the data obtained through questionnaires targeting Tescos customer and interview the managers. Literature Review 2.1 Indicative Literature Review: The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate knowledge of relevant literature. Identifies key debates, concept and theories. Following two key points are the backbone literature of the proposed research topic: Advertising Customers buying behaviour The aim of this literature review in this report is to identify the literature gap. 2.2 Advertising: One of the major goals of advertising must to generate awareness of the business and its products. Once the business is established and its products are positioned in the market then the advertising will increase and develop consumer loyalty to the product. Definition of advertising: Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) A dictionary definition of advertise would be to make known: to inform. All advertisements can be seen to offer information, and can be regarded as communications about products, services and organizations. Viewed in this way, advertisings purpose can be seen as communication, but since all advertisements contain persuasive elements directed at the ultimate purpose of a sale, advertising must also provide motives. Consumers must be moved towards purchase; ideas must be communicated.(Geoff Lancaster et. all,2002) 2.3 Advertising Decisions: Marketing management must make four important decisions when developing an advertising program, and evaluating advertising campaigns. Campaign evaluation Communication Impact Sales impact Message decisions Message strategy Message execution Budget decision Affordable approach Percent of sales Competitive parity Objective and task Objectives Setting Communication objectives Sales objectives Media decision Research, frequency, impact Major media types Specific media vehicles Media timing 2.4 Advertising objectives: There are some major objectives of making the advertising such as building brand image, providing information, persuasion, supporting marketing efforts and encouraging action. An advertising objective is a specific communication task to be accomplished with a specific target audience during a specific period of time. Advertising objectives can be classified by primary purpose whether the aim is to inform, persuade, or remind. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) Following table will illustrate core advertising objective. Informative Advertising Telling the market about a new product Describing available services Suggesting new uses for product Correcting false impression Informing the market of a price change Reducing consumers fears Explain how the product works Building a company image Persuasive Advertising Building brand preference Persuading customer to purchase now Encouraging switching to your brand Persuading customer to receive a sales call Changing customers perception of product attribution Reminder Advertising Reminding brand preference Keeping customer to purchase now Encouraging switching to your brand during off seasons Changing customers perception of product attributes Maintaining its top-of-mind awareness 2.5 Setting the Advertising Budget: After determining its advertising objectives, the company next sets its advertising budget for each product. Four commonly used methods such as; affordable approach, percent of sales, competitive parity, and objective and task. A brands advertising budget often depends on its stage in the product life cycle. For example, new products typically need large advertising budget to build awareness and to persuade consumers to try the products. In contrast, mature brands usually require lower budgets as a ratio to sale. Market share also impacts the amount advertising needed: Because building the market or taking share from competitors requires larger advertising spending than does simply maintaining current share, low-share brands usually need more advertising spending as a percentage of sales. 2.6 Developing Advertising strategy: Advertising strategy consists of two major elements: creating advertising messages and selecting, advertising media. In the past, companies often viewed media planning as secondary to the message-creation process. The creative department first created good advertisements, then the media department selected the best media for carrying these advertisements to desired target audiences. 2.7 Creating the Advertising Message: Good advertising messages are especially important in todays costly and cluttered advertising environment. Just to gain and hold attention, todays advertising messages must be better planned, more imaginative, more entertaining, and more rewarding to consumers. Message strategy is the first step in creating effective advertising messages is to decide what general message will be communicated to consumers- to plan a message strategy. Message execution is the second step. The advertiser has to turn the big idea into an actual ad execution that will capture the target markets attention and interest. The creative people must find the best style, tone, words, and format for executing the message. Any message can be presented in different execution styles, such as; Slice of life Lifestyle Fantasy Mood or image Musical Personality symbol Technical expertise Scientific evidence Testimonial evidence or endorsement. 2.8 Selecting Advertising Media The major steps in media selection are: Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact. Choosing among major media types. Selecting specific media vehicles. Deciding on media timing. 2.9 Advertising Evaluation: The advertising program should evaluate both the communication effects and the sales effects of advertising regularly. Measuring the communication effects of an ad- copy testing tells whether the ad is communicating well. Copy testing can be done before of after an ad is printed or broadcast. Before the ad is placed, the advertiser can show it to consumers, ask how they like it, and measure recall or attitude changes resulting from it. After the ad is run, the advertiser can measure how the ad affected consumer recall or product awareness, knowledge, and preference. 2.10 Importance of Advertising strategy: The importance of advertising strategy are the following:- Advertising strategy will help to reach the large number of customers across different geographic markets. Effective advertising will allow larger audience to be reached with specific messages. Depending on media used, cost of reaching individuals can be lowered compared to other forms of communications. Advertising can be used to provide information for consumers at different purchasing stages. Advertising strategy will be effective in awareness creation at early stages of new product launched. Advertising strategy include a wide range of media to carry the advertising. 2.11 Advertising strategy framework: For the development of the advertising strategy it is useful to use different theoretical framework which are the following:- Hierarchy of effects model: This model will help to clarify the objectives of the advertising strategies as well as the objectives of a particular advertisement. It is also helpful to identifying the communication strategy. This model describes that a business buyer or a consumer moves through a series of six steps to make a purchase like awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and the actual purchase. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Means-End Theory: The second theoritical model of Advertising strategy called the means-end chain. An advertisement contains a message or a means to lead the consumers a desired end state. Here the end-states include the personal values. The purpose of the means-end chain is to cause a chain reaction in which viewing the ad leads to the consumer to belief the product will achieve one of these personal values. The means-end theory model suggests that there are five elements in creating advertising like the product attributes, consumer benefits, leverage points, personal values and the execution framework. This model is designed to move the consumers through these five elements. Thus, the attributes of the product should be linked to the specific benefits consumer can derive and these benefits can lead to the attainment of a personal value. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Leverage Point model: The hierarchy of effects model and the means-end chain approach are associated with leverage point methods. A leverage point is such a feature in the ads that lead the viewers to transform the advertising message into a personal value. To construct a quality leverage point, the marketers tries to build a pathway connecting a product benefit with the potential buyers value system. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Verbal and visual images: The final type of advertising model is called verbal and visual images model. Here the degree of emphasis is given on the visual elements. Visual images often lead to more favourable attitudes toward both the advertisement and the brand. Visuals also trend to be more easily remembered than a verbal copy. Visual elements will be stored in the memory as both pictures and the verbal copy. This dual processing makes it easier for people to recall the message and also visual images are usually stored in the left and right hand sides of the brain while verbal messages are tend to be stored in the left side of the brain only. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) 2.12 Customers Buying Behaviour Consumers around the world vary tremendously in age, income, education level, and tastes. They also buy an incredible variety of goods and services. How these diverse consumers connect with each other and with other elements of the world around them impacts their choices among various products, services, and companies. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) 2.13 Models of Consumer Behaviour Buyers black box Buyer Buyer Character- Decision Istitcs Process Marketing and other stimuli Marketing Other Product Economic Price Technological Place Political Promotion Cultural Buyer responses Product choice Brand choice Dealer choice Purchase timing Purchase amountConsumers make many buying decision every day. Most large companies research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, why they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy. Marketers can study actual consumer purchases to find out what they buy, where, and how much. But learning about the whys of consumer buying behaviour is not so easy the answers are often locked deep within the consumers head. This figure shows that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses. Marketers must figure out what is in the buyers black box. Marketing stimuli consist of the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Other stimuli include major forces and events in the buyers environment: economic, technological, political, and cultural. All these inputs enter the buyers black box, where they are turned into a set of observable buyer responses: product choice, brand choice, dealer choice, purchase timing, and purchase amount. The marketers want to understand how the stimuli are changed into responses inside the consumers black box, which has two parts. First, the buyers characteristics influence how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Second, the buyers decision process itself affects the buyers behaviour. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) 2.14 Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behaviour Consumer purchased are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics. For the most part, marketers cannot control such factors, but they must take them into account. 2.15 Cultural Factors: Cultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer behaviour. The marketer needs to understand the role played by the buyers culture, subculture, and social class. Cultural Culture Subculture Social class Social Reference groups Family Roles and status Personal Age and life-cycle stage Occupation Economic situation Lifestyle Personality and self-concept Buyer Psychological Motivation Perception Learning Beliefs and attitudes 2.16 Types of Buying-Decision Behaviour: There are four types of buying-decision behaviour such as: Complex buying behaviour: Consumers undertake complex buying behaviour when they are highly involved in a purchase and perceive significant differences among brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product is expensive, risky, purchased infrequently, and highly self-expressive. Typically, the consumer has much to learn about the product category. Dissonance-reducing buying behaviour: It occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent, or risky purchase, but see little difference among brands. Habitual buying behaviour: It occurs under conditions of low consumer involvement and little significant brand difference. Variety-seeking buying behaviour: consumers undertake it in situations characterized by low consumer involvement but significant perceived brand differences. In such cases, consumers often do a lot of brand switching. 2.17 The Buyer Decision Process: Post purchase behaviour Evaluation of alternatives Information search Need recognition Purchase decision Need recognition: The first stage of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer recognizes a problem or need. Information search: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer is aroused to search for more information; the consumer may simply have heightened attention or may go into active information search. Alternative evaluation: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer uses information to evaluate alternative brands in the choice set. Purchase decision: The buyers decision about which brand to purchase. Post purchase behaviour: The stage of the buyer decision process in which consumers take further action after purchase, based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction A good research methodology gives a clear picture of what the aims of the field work should be. In the main, the purpose of the primary research would be to identify some of the key issues behind the Tescos advertising strategy. This methodology chapter will begin by briefly looking at the theoretical underpinning underlying the carrying out of a marketing research activity. Thus it can be argued that regardless of the nature of the study, understanding the nature and limitations of various data collection methods can enable a researcher to better understand the data collected and the limits of their interpretation. Following this review, the chapter then goes to consider the choice of method and its implementation, with the entire attendant stages involved. 3.2 What is Marketing Research? Johnson (1994 cited in White 2003, p21) defined research as a focused and systematic enquiry that goes beyond generally available knowledge to acquire specialized and detailed information, providing a basis for analysis and elucidatory comment on the topic of enquiry. Any type of researches, including both marketing and academic research, contains the basic characteristics of a research activity. Cooper and Schindler (2006, p4) have argued that marketing research is a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide marketing decisions. 3.3 The Marketing Research Process The research process is the route map of any type of research. Aaker et al (2004, pp 43-5) have argued that by and large any research activity or study contains seven steps, as follows: (1) Agree on the research process. (2) Establish research objectives. (3) Estimate the value of information. (4) Design the research. (5) Collect the data. (6) Prepare and analyse the data. (7) Report the research results and provide strategic recommendations. 3.4 Qualitative Research Following the broad overview above, this section now briefly looks at the type of approaches in use in practice. 3.5 Definition Once a research approach is decided, researchers will need to focus on the research methods. Hague (1992, p120) argued that marketing research surveys include two main groups. They are quantitative and qualitative researches. Denzin and Lincoln (2003, p4) considered that generic definition of qualitative research could be described as qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. 3.6 Qualitative versus Quantitative In terms of the differences between them, Wright and Crimp (2000, pp 374-5) argued that qualitative research uses description by words and pictures, while quantitative research uses measurement and number. Hague and Jackson (1999, pp 17-8) believed that quantitative research emphasizes accuracy whereas qualitative research emphasises understanding rather than simple measurement. Hague (1992, p123) also argued that qualitative researches enables researchers to better understand the subject matter more so than quantitative researches. In conclusion, quantitative research emphasises the accuracy and quantity dimensions. On the other hand, qualitative research emphasises the nature or quality aspects. Given the nature of the problem posed in this study, it can be argued at this stage this study will utilise a more qualitative approach since we do not understand the reasons for the present push of Abu Dhabi as a destination and where exactly it will be positioned in the minds of consumers. 3.7 Quantitative Research Quantitative research methodology deals with areas that can be expressed in numbers. It will tell researchers, for example, what proportion of the population uses luxury cars and what their ages and occupations are; what it will not do very easily is tell researchers why those people prefer such cars. Main quantitative research techniques are; Survey Questionnaire 3.8 The Survey Survey involves the systematic application of representative sampling, questionnaire design, information collection and statistical analysis techniques to obtain data which describes aspects of a market in as much detail required by the research user. The size of the sample is determined by a combination of factors including the structure of the market being examined, the level of detail required and the accuracy levels required at the overall cost of the research. (Malhotra, 2004) Figure : A classification of survey methods Traditional TelephoneTelephone InterviewingPP Personal Interviewing CC Computer Assisted Telephone InterviewingSS Survey MethodsEE Electronic Interviewing II In-HouseMM Mall Interviewing MM Mall InterceptCC Computer Assisted personal InterviewingMM MailMM Mail panelEE E-mailII Internet Source:Naresh.K.Malhotra, 2004 3.9 The Questionnaire They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of respondents. Good questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can make the survey valueless. A useful method for checking a questionnaire for problems is to pretest it. This usually involves giving it to a small sample of respondents, then interviewing the respondents to get their impressions and to confirm that the questions accurately captured their opinions.(Burns Bush, 2003). McDaniel and Gates (2005, p318) believed that questionnaire is a set of questions designed to generate the data necessary to accomplish the objectives of the research project. To design a questionnaire, they proposed a ten-step process as follows: -Step one: Determine survey objectives, resources and constraints. -Step two: Determine the data collection method. -Step three: Determine the question response format. His basic format of a questionnaire is closed-ended questions. Its main consideration is that it is more convenient for the respondents to utilise. But as will be seen in Appendix, this study used mainly open-ended questions because of the problem being investigated. One of the advantages is that it can provide more clues to analyse and judge the response (Aaker et al 2004, p320). -Step four: Decide on the question wording. -Step five: Establish the flow and layout. -Step six: Evaluate the questionnaire. After the first draft, the questionnaire should be reviewed. The main purpose is to make sure that all questions will collect necessary data which will accomplish the aim of the study. -Step seven: Obtain approval of all relevant parties. -Step eight: Pre-test and revise. -Step nine: Prepare the final copy. -Step ten: Implement the survey. 3.10 Sampling Methods Aaker et al (2004, p373) believed that sampling is useful when the population size is big, the cost is limited and time is limited. They argued that time spent on each would be limited if sampling is used properly and hence the quality of responses would be improved. In terms of the suitable situations of using each, Aaker et al (2004, pp 387-90) argued that non-probability sampling can be used in exploratory research as follows: judgemental, snowball, convenience, and quota sampling. For this study, judgemental sampling method is chosen mainly for the time limitation. 3.11 E-mail Survey More recently, the use of the e-mail survey method has become more common place. Aaker et al (2004, pp 167-8) are of the view that there are some advantages in collecting primary data by this means. The include: (1) It is speeder than the traditional postal mail. This study has benefited from this means since it was possible to contact potential respondents and solicit their co-operation well before the interview took place (2) It usually saves many of the costs involved in regular mail surveys (3) There are no intermediaries. E-mail is usually read only by the recipient, so that the respondent chosen by the researcher is usually the one to answer the questions (4) It is more convenient for the recipient. 3.12 Choice of Data Collection Method and Its Implementation In this study quantitative research method will be used to get accurate output from the study. The key element is face to face interview. The process is given below: 3.13 Face-to-face interviews (with an interview schedule/open-ended questions: See Appendix 1) with selected Tescos customers and line managers charged with responsibility of trading in the Tesco store. It was felt that given the time it took to respond to a request for interview that a questionnaire survey would have been far less satisfactory. In addition, in that part of the world face-to-face encounters are considered more respectful particularly when attempting to elicit answers from operational managers and customers. Nevertheless, the process was cumbersome and entailed constants with customer service in order to fix dates and diaries. The process took well over three months (from August to October, 2010). The researcher is of the view that the responses elicited do provide a good overall picture of the advertising strategy and its impact, was useful to the study. Hypothesis Statement: Problem question: How do advertising strategies impact on consumer buying behaviour? H0: Advertising strategies have an impact on consumer buying behaviour. H1: Advertising strategies have no impact on consumer buying behaviour. Limitations of the Research: The limitation of this research is to submit this project within a short period of time and for that reason some of the important issues may have not been discussed on this research. Another limitation can be limited sources of secondary information available in the market and thats why this research can not use a major sources of information in order to make an extensive project. PROPOSED TIME-TABLE: Following table will illustrate the possible deadlines and dates to complete the proposed dissertation properly on time. AREAS WK 1 WK 2 WK 3 WK 4 WK 5 WK 6 WK 7 WK 8 WK 9 WK 10 WK 11 WK 12 Identification Of Issue Literature Review Research design