Reasons for Colonization in Archaic Greece Essay Example for Free

Reasons for Colonization in Archaic Greece Essay The Greek Archaic Period (800-500 BCE) is known predominately for the establishment and development of individual city-states (poleis) within the country, as well as the colonisation movement which lead to an expansion in Greek land ownership throughout the Mediterranean region. This essay will discuss the reasons for and changes caused by colonisation, as well as the impact it had on militia warfare and how it aided the rise of tyranny. Firstly, after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation, the people of Greece formed small tribes which slowly developed into individual city-states, that is, poleis. Although each polis was separate and distinct from one another, the problem of overpopulation was inevitability encountered by the nation as a whole as it caused a shortage of land, familial disputes and social unrest. Leaders of each polis therefore decided to establish colonies in unclaimed or unoccupied land throughout the Mediterranean. Additional reasons for colonisations include rivalry between political groups, a desire for adventure, banishment of citizens and the search for trading ventures. Moreover, colonisation resulted in cultural integration, and at times amalgamation, between Greek and native culture. Local artistic characteristic were used in conjunction with traditional Greek style in the creation of pottery, jewellery and armour. Colonisation also resulted in inharmonious relations between local inhabitants however, with many natives being enslaved after their land was conquered. Another consequence of colonisation was the introduction of coinage as a means of exchange between different colonies and countries. Although this invention helped advance trading activities, it had profusely negative effects on the lower-class of Greek society who were exploited through their rich counterparts as a result of hoarding, high credit rates and the severity of the law in regards to debt repayment. Furthermore, as an effect of increased trade and economic prosperity, richer poleis’ replaced traditional methods of hand-to-hand combat with a new form of warfare – a mass phalanx of heavily armed soldiers or hoplites. Middle-class citizens could afford to provide or sell better quality armour and weaponry for their armies who depended on discipline and effective cooperation to win battles. An additional impact on military warfare through colonisation was an improvement in military strategies through the use of slaves. For examples, atives that had been captured and subjugated by the Greeks could be used in warfare as â€Å"light-armed men† (Tyrataeus, â€Å"Fragment 10†, l 67) to aid in battle. Finally, colonisation aided in the rise of tyranny in several ways. After the introduction of coinage, economic changes within the polis took place with rich merchants and traders forming the new wealthy commercial and industrial class. However, despite their financial status, these citizens were being kept out of political power by the eupatridae (well-born aristocrats). Widespread public dissatisfaction with the existing aristocratic elites resulted in their power being challenged and eventually overthrown by a tyrant – a popular member of the middle class with military support who then ruled over the polis. In conclusion, colonisation during the Greek archaic period resulted in many political, social and economic changes, enabling Greece to transform from a primitive agricultural economy to one of extreme power and influence based on trade, industry and money.

Local Agenda 21 Guidelines

Local Agenda 21 Guidelines The concept of Local Agenda 21 was first introduced in 1987 at a meeting of world leaders in Norway. During that meeting the participants agreed that the planet has to adopt policies of sustainable development in order to move forward. Officially the Local Agenda 21 was then introduced at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, organised by the United Nations where more than 100 countries and representatives of more than 10000 organizations agreed to work out local agendas for sustainable living. Each country represented was then advised to develop a LA21 plan with the agenda set by the community itself rather than by the central government. Since 1992, more than 6,400 municipalities in 113 countries have been working to accelerate the transition to sustainable, equitable and secure communities. In European Union thousands of Local Authorities have a Local Agenda 21 plan although in countries like Greece for example this initiative is not always under the name of Agenda 21. In the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 there was a review of the progress made in Local Agenda 21. The participants were pleased of the progress made but also pointed out new opportunities to adopt concrete steps and identify quantifiable targets for better implementing Agenda 21 as the best strategies are only as good as their implementation. The major results and announcements from the Johannesburg Summit regarding Local Agenda 21 and Energy were: Increasing energy accessibility Although energy services have been extended to new groups of consumers, there is still a significant number of residents in rural and remote areas still lack access to sufficient energy resources. Changing production and consumption patterns In a lot of countries there was an introduction of policies and programs for encouraging energy conservation and efficiency in various sectors. This had as a result to: Reduce the growth rate of energy consumption. Improve the efficiency of electric power plants, but also the distribution efficiencies and electricity transmission; Support for the preparation of energy audits, The creation of specialized national bodies of expertise in the energy area; and Dissemination for raising public awareness for energy savings and sustainable development. Promotion of renewable sources of energy progress has been achieved in promoting the use of renewable energy technologies. Introduction of cleaner fuels and technologies the last few decades there was a significant increase in the use of natural gas. There was also commercialisation of some new renewable energy. The use of combined-cycle electricity generation systems has also become more common in industries and the electric power sector. Energy and transport There was a great deal of new policies which have been applied throughout the developed and developing countries. For example in European Union there was a band on leaded gasoline. In developing countries like Egypt for example, there was an incentive program in Cairo that supported a switch to natural gas vehicles; The outcome of this initiative was to increase substantial the number of vehicles using natural gas and today there are more than 27000 such vehicles are already in use. Pilot projects to use fuel cells for buses are also under consideration in some parts of the region. Promotion of regional cooperation the 1990s witnessed noticeable progress in regional cooperation in the energy sector. This is manifest by the realisation of a regional electricity grid interconnection between countries in the European Union. Also, as European Union expanded to the East there are now even more opportunities for further cooperation between the old EU countries with the new comers. Finally and perhaps the most important announcement was the launch of Local Action 21 Local Action 21 builds upon the worldwide successes of Local Agenda 21 since Rio. Local Action 21 fills in Agenda 21 in regards the implementation of Agenda 21, it represents a move from Agenda to Action, from plan to practice. Energy In Agenda 21 Energy is a key issue on Agenda 21 as it recognises its importance for human productivity and development. As such, energy receives significant coverage within most of the chapters of Agenda 21. It addresses the importance and the relationship of energy use and sustainable development. In particular explains the importance of energy supply, demand, and suggests ways for the transition from unsustainable to sustainable approaches to energy management. For example in Chapter 4 it states the importance of changing consumption patterns and it gives suggestions of how economies can reduce the use of energy and harmful materials without compromising their growth. This can be achieved by greater efficiency in the use of energy and resources by choosing the right technology and resources to produce goods and services which otherwise would have required significant amounts of energy. Governments should cooperate by giving initiatives to industry to use energy and resources efficiently and with special attention to the environment. In chapter 6 Agenda 21 points out how badly the environment has been damaged as a result of past and present developments in consumption and production patterns and lifestyles in energy production and use of people in developed and developing world, but also because of industrys bad practices. This has as a result hundreds of millions of people to suffer of pollution related conditions. Therefore, in chapter 6 it is suggested to establish environmental health impact assessment procedures for the planning and development of new industries and energy facilities as well as promote the introduction of environmentally sound technologies within the industry and energy sectors. In chapter 7 of the Local Agenda 21 is clearly recognized that the promotion of sustainable energy and transportation is one of the best ways of achieving sustainability. It urges to increase the efforts of energy saving and promote renewable energy techniques and technologies. It calls to use energy efficient building materials and use an integrated approach to buildings as needed. This is important as the building sector today is one of the major user of energy and any energy saving made on this sector will contribute significantly to the reduction of energy use. Chapter 9 recognizes that the protection of the atmosphere is an essential element of sustainable development and as such energy generated air pollution should be reduced. Therefore, all the different energy sources should be used in ways that respect the atmosphere as well as the human health and the environment as a whole. To achieve this, cooperation between different partners is important in order to identify and develop economically viable and environmentally friendly energy sources for meeting the increasing energy needs (in particular for the developing countries). The above shows that energy development, efficiency and consumptions are one of the main issues of Agenda 21. Energy is well understood that is essential to both social improvement and economic development and contributes to better quality of life. In the last few decades has been realised that much of the worlds energy, is produced and consumed in ways that could not be sustained if technology were to remain constant and if overall quantities were to increase substantially. According to recent scientific findings the need to control atmospheric emissions of greenhouse and other gases and substances, will increasingly need to be based on the efficient use of energy (in terms of production, transmission, distribution and consumption), and on growing reliance on environmentally sound energy systems, such as new and renewable sources of energy. This means that all energy sources will need to be used in ways that respect the atmosphere, human health and the environment as a whole. At the moment there are significant constraints to increasing the environmentally sound energy supplies in developing world such as the world economic crisis. Agenda 21 Guidelines In order to overcome any barriers and help countries and people adopt to Local Agenda commitments, Agenda 21 sets up guidelines for activities that governments at the appropriate level, with the cooperation of the relevant United Nations bodies and, as appropriate, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, should follow. These are: Environmentally sound energy sources Cooperate in identifying and developing environmentally sound energy sources and economically viable to support the availability of increased energy supplies to promote sustainable development efforts, specially in developing countries; Environmental Impact assessments Promote the development at the national level of appropriate methodologies for making integrated energy, economic and environment policy decisions for sustainable development, through environmental impact assessments; Modernisation of old power stations Promote the research, development, transfer and use of superior energy-efficient practices and technologies, including endogenous technologies in all relevant sectors, giving special attention to the modernization and rehabilitation of power systems; Promotion of renewable energy technology Overcome any barriers found in the way of the development of renewable energy technology to promote the research, development, transfer and use of technologies and practices for renewable energy systems such as biomass energy technologies, wind energy, solar technologies hydro and others. Energy capacities Promote the development of institutional, planning, scientific and management capacities, in order to encourage policies which targets energy efficiency and environmental protection. Energy diagnosis of energy supply mixes Study current energy supply mixes in order to increase in an economically efficient manner, in developing and developed countries, the use of environmentally sound energy systems and overcome any barriers to their development and use. Evaluation and promotion of cost effective policies Improvement of energy efficiency by promoting cost-effective policies in accordance with national socio-economic development and environmental priorities of a country. Good planning and programme management Build capacity for programme management and energy planning in energy efficiency, as well as for the development, introduction, and promotion of new and renewable sources of energy; Establishment of standards Promote appropriate emission standards or recommendations and energy efficiency at the national level, aimed at the development and use of technologies that minimize undesirable impacts on the environment; Education awareness programs Encourage awareness-raising programs at the local, national and regional levels concerning how energy affects the environment and what can be done to minimise our environmental footprint by wise use of energy. Energy labelling Establish, in cooperation with the private sector, labelling programmes for products to inform consumers of energy consumption and benefits of choosing the most efficient products. In summary Agenda 21 and Local Action 21 as it was introduced in a later stage sets up some main objectives for the energy. The basic and most important objective is to reduce adverse effects on the atmosphere from the energy sector. This can be done by promoting policies or programmes, as appropriate, to increase the contribution of environmentally sound and cost-effective energy systems, such as new and renewable ones, through less polluting and more efficient energy production, transmission, distribution and use. In order to meet this objective it should be understood the need for equity, adequate energy supplies and increasing energy consumption in developing countries. In particular it should be taken into consideration countries that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which countries have serious difficulties in switchi ng to alternatives, but also countries that are highly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change. In European Union, although there was a significant progress on the implementation of Agenda 21 there are still lots that need to be done. The policies and tools that have been used by the EU are numerous and it is not of the scope of this document to mention, therefore we mention just three key targets that has been set up by EU to be met by 2020, these are: Cut off at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions from all primary energy sources compared to 1990 levels. 20% of energy consumption should come up by renewable sources and Achieve a 20% energy saving by 2020 in energy consumption through energy efficiency. The above targets could only be achieved if citizens act responsible on how they use energy by recognising that the way they choose to live has a direct impact to the environment.

Understanding crowd behaviour

Understanding crowd behaviour There are many vague definitions of the term a crowd one of which is defined as by the Oxford Dictionary() as a large number of people gathered together, usually without orderly arrangement and Le Bon (2006:15) defines a crowd as a gathering of individuals of whatever nationality, profession or sex and whatever be chances that have brought them together. The Oxford Dictionary() also defines behaviour as a manner of behaving or the response of an organism to a stimulus in regards to this literature the stimulus could be the emotions of others, or a shared experience within the crowd, or factors contributing to emotions within individuals in a crowd. Getz (2007:293) states that understanding crowd emotions and behaviour is essential for most events But Crowd management, however, is not simply achieved by attempting to control the audience, but by trying to understand their behaviour and the various factors which can affect this. (HSE, 2009:46) It is also noted in the HSE (2009) that the behaviour of crowds at events is determined by their own personal goals and motivations. This literature review will look at the frameworks behind three theories of crowd behaviour, as it is imperative to understand the psychological behaviour of crowds (Kendall 2008:545). The theories concerned are:- -Classic theories Contagion Theory Convergence Theory -Emergent- Norm Theory It will seek to identify key factors that can change behaviour within crowds and the impacts these can have on outdoor events. The literature underpinning research into crowd behaviour stems from disciplines such as psychology and sociology, with an apparent lack of recent research into crowd behaviours at large outdoor events. Crowd Behaviour Theories It is noted that the two classical theories that are reviewed, are the foundations of what has been formed today, they have evolved over time, but it is provided as an overview of crowd behaviour theories. Contagion Theory There are two key authors of the Group Mind theory, Le bon Freud It is important to recognise that the widely cited works of Gustave Le Bon, from his 1895 book, The Crowd was based on his observations of crowds during the French revolution, and are a long way from the crowds that are experienced today. Le Bon (2006) stated that crowds were protected by the anonymity of crowds and that individual responsibility was discarded, consequently forgetting their normal values and ability to think and to reason. He also assessed that ideas and emotions within the crowd became contagious and spread rapidly. However Reicher (2003:186) suggests that contagion theory is an affect of suggestibility, and that an individual sacrifices personal interest in favour of the collective interest of the crowd It is then understood that Individuals within crowds are more likely to involve themselves in antisocial behaviour as the anonymity provided makes them feel invulnerable, it is this collective behaviour that is understood to be irrational and that individuals will undertake actions within a crowd environment that they would normally resist. Freud believed that the crowd Unlocks the unconscious and that in normal daily situations moral standards are maintained because they are installed in the human psyche as the super ego. However in a crowd situation the leader of the group surpasses the super ego and now controls the unconscious, leading to uncivilised impulses (Hewstone Manstead, 1996:152) Criticisms My understanding of this theory is that it does not identify as to why some crowds become violent and other remain passive. 2. Convergence Theory Convergence theorists such as, Reicher (1984), and McPhail (1991), argue that individuals within a crowd do not loose personal identity, as stated in the contagion theory, but they communicate personal beliefs and values so that the crowds behaviour is that of similar feeling. It is understood that convergence theory is more rational as it focuses on the shared beliefs and emotions within a crowd. It is possible that individual can exploit the protection of being in a crowd to participate in behaviours that would normally be repressed. Criticisms However it does not give way to why individuals in this crowd, who share similar beliefs, behave differently. Emergent-Norm Theory Key Authors identified:- Turner and Killian Turner and Killian (1993) as cited in Kendall (2008:547) concede that crowds are understood to develop their own definition of a situation and therefore establish their own norms -social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in given situations (Sharpe, 2007:508 )that reflect the occasion and provide standards that allow decisions to be made about how people will interact with each other. (Sharpe,2007) Adang et al (2004) identifies that in every crowd you can spot individuals doing such things as initiating chats, shouting directions and in extreme cases initiating violence. FIND THEORY IN TURNER AND KILLIAN Emergent-Norm Theory argues that the appearance of unanimity among the participants in incidents of collective behaviour accompanies the emergence of dominant norms and according to this theory, once a dominant norm emerges group members disagreeing with it keep quiet out of fear of group censure (Aguire et al, 1998) rephrase Analysis of theories Factors of Crowd Behaviour Berlonghi (1995) argues that by simply saying a crowd is a large number of people gathered closely together is a mistake and that it essential to distinguish one individual from another. By being unable to make distinctions about the crowd it leaves crowd control and crowd management ineffective. He also recognises those events that are a success, that never become publicised are they the consequence of effective planning, or simply the result of good luck. Crowd Catalysts It would appear that there are a multitude of factors that can influence behaviours between individuals in a crowd. Berlonghi (1995) has identified factors that may contribute to, or trigger a crowd from being one that is managed to one that needs to be controlled. Operational Circumstances Lack of parking, sold out event, and no show of performers are all examples of factors that can modify a crowds behaviour, an example of how crowd behaviour changed can be identified by The Rage Factor a Rage Against The Machine gig, which took place in Finsbury Park in 2010. Tickets were available by Ballot to celebrate the campaign that got the band to number one the previous Christmas. 180,000 people had applied for tickets with only 40,000 being available. It is reported that several hundred fans scaled the fence. (Gittins, 2010) Reading Festival has been forced to apply for extension to the number of early bird tickets allowing 20,000 people to arrive before the stated start of the event; this was due to an ever-increasing amount of festival goers arriving at the festival entrance prior to the event over the last few years. (Reading Borough Council, 2010) Event Activities Fireworks, video replays, and lasers may provoke actions within the crowd. Performers Action Sexual or violent gestures towards the crowds, Latitude festival 2010 witnessed an attack on the crowd, with Crystal Castles front women appearing to lash out after allegedly being groped by a male fan as she was crowd surfing. The singer repeatedly threw punches into the crowd and subsequently she stormed off stage before the allotted time, with widespread booing from the back of the fields (NME, 2010) The HSE (1999) states that event organisers should be aware of the history of the performers and also the audience which they attract. Spectator factors Anti social behaviour can impact a crowd not just the individual, and is having an impact in how events are being delivered (Connell, 2009). Kemp et al (2007) as cited in Connell (2009) have identified that alcohol and drugs are a major factor in determining crowd behaviour. The Guardian (2010) reported that at T in the Park festival in Kinross-shire, Scotland, there were 2 rapes and an attempted murder. Some festival goers believe a major part of the problem is a changing demographic among those attending, with drinking and drug taking surpassing the music. Security or Police Use of excessive policing, arguments with attendees and abuse of authority can spark aggression within the crowd. It has become increasingly accepted that the outcome of crowd events cannot be explained solely on what crowd members do, but must also address police actions (Adang, 2004). It is usual to use police to control a crowd but this often then leads to confrontation with the police (Argyle, 1992). Man Made Disasters Structural failure can be problematic not just for those directly injured, but by crowd surges fleeing the event. Crowd surges are often reported at both small and large events, and can be catastrophic. Conclusion The primary focus of this review is to understand crowd behaviours and factors which can impact the outcome of a crowds behaviour. Once the variable factor has caused an impact, it is then the individuals within the crowd that will react to the stimulus, and form themselves into the parameters of crowd behaviour that have been outlined by theorists. It is evident that there are factors within all three theories that can be imparted into observations within crowds at music festivals it is possible to envisage actions at outdoor music events that can be explained by these theories, however much of the recent literature simply reiterated these theorists with an apparent lack of observation towards currents trends and attitudes in society. The effects of crowd behaviour within outdoor music events can be catastrophic should event managers not take into consideration the factors that can affect the behaviour of both small and large crowds. If event managers fail to understand individuals within a crowd, and the potential that they have to physically change the dynamics of the crowd around them, they face disastrous consequences. Recommendations In 2010 there were over 450 music festivals alone in the UK (Winterman, 2010) and there has been little research into Anti Social Behaviour at events including the motives of gatecrashers at events attendees attempting to enter events without a ticket and the consequences that such actions can have on crowd safety at events. None of the theories above draw attention to why some crowds are organised and others spontaneous, by looking at the motivations of individuals at music festivals we may begin to further understand anti social behaviour at these events.

Essay --

Throughout my career I’ve been involved in various groups and mentoring circles. The question that comes up most is â€Å"what’s my next career move† or â€Å"how do I know I’m successful?† There isn’t a right answer to this question; it depends on what’s most important to you and your family. Do you need to be around for every soccer game or own three homes? Are you looking to retire with as much money in the bank as possible or want to be home every night while working your way up the ladder? A career in aviation requires trade-offs. We don’t know how to measure the success Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Designed to remove government entry barriers, reduce price manipulation, and open up routes to incentivize competition between airlines; was it triumphant? It’s true the cost of an airline ticket is much cheaper now, but with an increase in mergers and acquisitions over the past ten years, we once again have a handful of majors and regionals dominating the industry. How do I know what influences the industry and my steps as a career aviator? It’s scary to think that many of today’s airlines did not exist before deregulation. Why should a pilot care about deregulation and the financial amplitude of the airline â€Å"industry?† Like it or not, tactical career moves could make the difference between declaring bankruptcy five years into your flying career or upgrading to captain to meet application minimums at the company of your dreams. Many people abandon a career in aviation; the airline industry is cyclical and unpredictable. I’m not an expert; I’m merely a professional pilot trying to make the â€Å"right† choice about which basket to place all my eggs. I’m now preparing to make my next (and hopefully final) move. Will I decide to make a ... ...s aircraft exhaust emissions†. Where will I set my sights long-term, once my â€Å"dues paying† at the regional is behind me? The average annual flight operations wages based on 2012 DOT Form 41 ranges from about $88,000 (Allegiant) to $159,000 (Delta). Each airline has its own culture you’ve got to consider. Some are more captain-is-god There are dozens of airlines in the US. From legacy to cargo, locals and regionals. Let’s say you’re a newly minted ATP. about 6 main regional airlines operating in the US. If you intend to fly for a major someday, you really need to get a Bachelors degree. Without it most of the carriers are tossing your application in the trash. There really is no fair comparison of airlines. It’s all dependent upon your personal needs and wants.. FOOTNOTES: 1. http://web.mit.edu/airlines/analysis/analysis_airline_industry.html

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendenta

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the search for truth in Transcendentalism begins with the individual. The thoughts of Transcendentalist writers must come from themselves and not from others. They could study previous works for inspiration, but they could not take the ideas of others. Transcendentalist writers have complete self-reliance in their ideas. Transcendentalism called for literary, philosophical, and theological independence from Europe, earning the Transcendentalist era the label â€Å"American Renaissance.† Next, Transcendentalism also relates to the rest of the world. It applies individual energies gained through self-reliance to the overall good of society. In Transcendentalism, there is no real evil. For every apparent evil there is a true goodness. Because evil is said not to exist, Transcendentalists believe in the perfectibility of man. One well-known Transcendentalist author is Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in New England in 1803. He entered Harvard Divinity College where he trained to become a priest. However, he later withdrew from the ministry because he did not share the same ideals that were imposed on him by church authority. In 1832, Emerson sailed to Europe to flee the despair he felt after the deaths of his wife and bro... ...using metaphors and rhythms according to his own style. Literature such as Ralph Waldo Emerson’s â€Å"Nature† and Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Walden† reflect the tenets of Transcendentalism. They set the foundation for Transcendentalism because Emerson and Thoreau were the â€Å"fathers† of the literary movement. Both writers searched for truth and the meaning of life on an individual level that fit their feelings. They demonstrated the perfectibility and self-reliance of individuals. For example, â€Å"Walden† tells of Thoreau’s two years of living in the woods relying on himself for food and shelter and trying to simplify his life. He wanted to demonstrate that there was no evil in the simplicity of his forest home. Just as Thoreau’s â€Å"Walden† demonstrated Thoreau’s renewal or refreshing of his own spirit, Transcendentalism was the renewal or rebirth of American Literature.

Wit by Margaret Edson

Wit Every student has at some point in his or her educational career had a teacher that seemed completely unreasonable and immune to any sympathy towards the student. In the play Wit by Margaret Edson the main character is Dr. Vivian Bearing who is an esteemed professor of early 17th century poetry and fits the bill of the hard-nosed stubborn professor. This character is diagnosed with cancer and the play is about her treatments and battle with the cancer that ultimately at the end of the play leads to her death. Throughout the play itself Dr.Bearing goes through many trials and tribulations and her interactions with the audience, doctors, former students, and herself all show how she goes through stages in order to come to terms with her illness. In the first stage of the play where Vivian is initially diagnosed she shows signs of defiance, which gives the play a real life scenario feeling because it is natural to be in denial for a person under her circumstances. She feels as if sh e can beat this disease and get back to teaching as soon as possible. There are many of times that she tells the doctors (and audience) to keep giving the highest dosing of chemotherapy.Dr. Bearing understands what she is going to go through and is in terms with that on an intellectual level. She even reads books on medical terminology so as to not feel inferior to the doctors when they are reading her charts to her. This also shows the sense of denial and ignorance Dr. Bearing has to the big picture. And this big picture is that in the end she will die. All her life she has been studying and she relates to the two doctors in that way because they are taking her as information and data and she respects that in the beginning.Her attitude toward being treated as data begins to change and she begins to resent that feeling. Then she has a flashback to a certain point in her teaching career that she was the same way with her students. This one particular student asked for an extension on a paper because he had to travel home due to his grandmother dying. Dr. Bearing responds by saying, â€Å"Do what you want, but the paper is due when it is due. † This flashback hits home to her because she understands how the student felt because she is now being treated that way by the doctors which angers her.Throughout the play there is one character that sees Dr. Bearing as a human being, not just data. This is Susie, the head nurse assigned to care for Vivian. These two have an interesting relationship. The entire time Dr. Bearing is in the hospital no one visits her and really Susie is the only person actually caring for her. In the beginning of the play it seems that the main character is annoyed by Susie in a way because at times she corrected her and despised the question of, â€Å"How are you feeling today? † This slowly begins to change and the relationship switches when Susie tries to talk to Dr.Bearing about reducing the chemotherapy treatments. Both of the characters realize now that the cancer is not diminishing and is continually spreading so Susie is showing compassion by not simply labeling her and wanting her to suffer in order to collect more data. Dr. Bearing comes to terms with this and enters a stage of depression. During this part of the play Vivian distances herself from human contact even more and spends her days simply in bed alone, only having little communication with Susie. The last emotion Dr. Vivian Bearing goes through is that of recognition.This last part of the play also shows the development and trust in the relationship between Susie and Bearing. Dr. Bearing tells Susie, not her head doctor, family member, or anyone else that she wants to be labeled as a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) patient. A decision like this is generally talked over between a patient and family or the head physician but Vivian sees that Susie is the only person who cares for her in some way at this point in her life basically. The characters throughout the play help Dr. Bearing come to terms with her illness, whether it is positively or negatively.The former student of hers’ and when she told that story to the audience showed her how she was missing that feeling of compassion both for and now towards her. While she does not regret how she taught she realizes that she should have treated the students better because she is feeling how they felt with how the doctors are treating her now. In the end it is Susie who helps Dr. Bearing grasp and accept the fact that she is going to die, but she will not die alone now because of her knew friend Susie and that is what Dr. Bearing has been searching for all along, company and support.

Healthy Living For Homeless Families Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic diseases are the prima causes of decease and disablement nation-wide. Populations with economic and societal unfairnesss are unreasonably affected by chronic disease, predominately fleshy and fleshiness. Statisticss have shown the incidence of all chronic diseases is higher for people in the two lowest-income groups than for those in the three upper-income groups ( 1 ) . Overweight and fleshiness are the major signifiers of malnutrition in stateless households ( 2 ) and mortality rates of the homeless in North America are at least 3-5 times greater than that seen in the general populations of Canada and the U.S ( 3 ) . Low income groups besides engage in more high hazard behaviours, such as coffin nail smoke, unhealthy diet, and deficiency of physical activity, than groups with higher incomes ( 1 ) . Interventions concentrating on the primary bar of chronic disease utilizing physical activity and nutrition instruction in the low-income population have been developed and reviewed in the yesteryear. These intercessions proved to hold successful result steps within participants, including an addition of fruit and vegetable ingestion, physical activity and healthy weight loss. There has been deficient committedness at the national, province and local degrees to implement policies and give support and resources to the enlargement of comprehensive primary preventive plans that deliver services to this alone population.Statement of ProblemThe intent of this survey is to find the effectivity of a community-based nutrition instruction and physical activity intercession plan to a low-income population. The intercession will be designed and facilitated by a Loma Linda University nutrition alumnus pupil. Workshops will be implemented in traditional group Sessionss dwelling of one hr each heb domad for five hebdomads. Participants are enrolled in the Inland Temporary Homes plan in Loma Linda, California. Fundss for the plan will be provided by the City of Loma Linda through the awarded California Healthy Cities grant.Hypothesis:Will the nutrition and lifestyle intercession plan have positive wellness results of participants harmonizing to evaluated informations from pre and station intercession study ‘s and pre and station intercession trials? 90 % of the participants will go to all five workshops. 90 % of participants will reply more inquiries right on the post-test than on the comparable pretest. 90 % of participants will increase fruit and vegetable ingestion compared to their pre-intervention study. 90 % of participants will increase physical activity compared to their pre-intervention study. 60 % of participants, harmonizing to pre and station study consequences, will travel up one phase of alteration from baseline towards the action stage as evaluated utilizing the Transtheoretical Model.Null Hypothesis:There will be no difference between the pre and station intercession studies of the participants measuring the effectivity of the nutrition and physical activity intercession.Boundary lines:Boundary lines of this survey include geographical location, cost measuring and the rating of one workshop. Participants are limited to those of the Inland Temporary Homes located in Loma Linda, CA. The consequences of this survey may non be generalized to other locations or income categories. Four sets of workshops are offered to participants each twelvemonth. This survey will merely include the consequences from one of the Sessionss.Restrictions:Language and literacy barriers may be restrictions of the survey. This survey will be limited by the self-reporting truth of the participan ts. Specifically, participants will be asked to supply information on statements of their personal life style wonts, nutritionary, physical activity degree. Any inaccuracy of these self-reports may impact the survey consequences. The research worker has no control over who attends the workshop and how many abodes will take part during the evaluated workshop.Premises:The undermentioned premises are made: a ) the participants ‘ self-report on the study is honorable, accurate, and complete.Operational Definitions:Inland Temporary Homes: a non-profit organisation that provides lodging, rehabilitation, and ongoing support to homeless households throughout the Inland Empire. Transtheoretical Model: Assesses an person ‘s preparedness to move on a new healthier behaviour, and provides schemes, or procedures of alteration to steer the person through the phases of alteration to action and care.Chapter 2Literary ReviewPopulation BackgroundHomelessness is a quickly intensifying job in both rural and urban United States. Health jobs associated with homelessness documented throughout literature show that about 40 % of stateless persons are reported to hold some type of chronic disease ( 4 ) including increased rate of cardiovascular and infective diseases ( 5 ) along with inordinate rates of substance ( baccy, intoxicant and cocaine ) maltreatment ( 6 ) . Many of these instances, nevertheless, travel un-reported. In the United States, more than 50 % of the stateless deficiency wellness coverage ( 7 ) , doing diagnosing and intervention of their cardiovascular hazard factors even more ambitious. Overweight and fleshiness are the major signifiers of chronic disease and malnutrition in stateless households. Corpulent is defined as holding a BMI of 30 or greater and being morbidly corpulent is holding a BMI of over 40 ( 8 ) . Bing fleshy or corpulent is associated with many diseases and conditions such as: coronary bosom disease, high blood pressure, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, increased cholesterin and triglycerides, sleep apnea and gynaecological jobs ( 8 ) .Dietary Habits of Low-Income PopulationHomeless people eat nutrient prepared, by municipal and charity shelters, drop-in centres, fast nutrient eating houses, 24-hour convenience shops and from refuse bins ( 3 ) . Research suggests that because diets high in refined grains, added sugars, and added fats by and large cost less than healthful diets composed of thin meats, whole grains and fresh fruits and veggies, the low-income population has greater exposure to an unsanitary diet ( 9 ) . Calorie-dense, processed and nutritionally unequal nutrient points are easy accessible in low-income vicinities and more cost-efficient opt ions to healthier nutrient picks. Devouring these nutrient points may lend to fleshy and fleshiness and lead to chronic disease in the low-income population. Datas on the nutritionary consumption of stateless population is slightly limited. However, most surveies report a high prevalence of inadequate or unbalanced food, vitamin and mineral consumption puting the homeless at hazard for nutrition-related upsets and lending to the increased prevalence of ill controlled diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterin ( 10 ) , all good established hazard factors for Cardiovascular disease. Luder et Al ( 11 ) revealed that stateless people ‘ s diets are frequently high in concentrated fats and cholesterin and inadequate in indispensable foods, lending to adverse lipid profiles. Another survey of nutritionary position among a group of grownup stateless adult females found that recommended day-to-day allowances ( RDA ‘s ) were normally exceeded for Na and saturated fats, both of which are independently associated with increased cardiovascular disease hazard ( 12 ) .Intervention Programs Targeting the Low-Income PopulationInterventions concentrating on bar of chronic disease with purposes to change physical activity and nutritionary wonts have been developed and reviewed in the yesteryear. Outcome measures for these plans have shown an addition of fruit and vegetable ingestion, physical activity and fat decrease ( 1 ) . Intervention plans targeted at low-income audiences with the most successful results tend to be delivered in an synergistic ocular format, to be culturally appropriate, supply trim stuffs, administered in accessible primary attention scenes, and to give inducements to move on the information provided ( 1 ) . Nutrition intercession plans with successful results involved some signifier of nutrient readying and tasting ( 1 ) . The end of this attack was to turn to the 5 -A -Day message ( devouring 5 helpings of fruits and veggies per twenty-four hours ) with vibrant shows, while supplying participants with an chance to savor and smell alimentary nutrient samples in a comfy acquisition environment. Educators besides demonstrated easy and cheap ways to fix and function veggies and fruit, and provided participants with promotional take-home stuffs such as formulas, booklets, spines and magnets ( 1 ) . A gulf between diet and wellness among low-income groups calls for nutrition intercessions that educate low-income households on cheap, healthful feeding and chronic disease bar in a structured environment. This literature reappraisal will assist set up the principle for planning and implementing a nutrition and lifestyle intercession plan aiming the homeless population. The intent of this reappraisal is to detect and compare assorted methods of plans developed for the aforesaid population to better program and implement the intercession plan.Overview of Intervention ProgramsA figure of intercession schemes advancing primary bar and wellness have been intended to better the nutritionary position of the stateless population. Interventions ranged in a assortment of attacks from traditional group Sessionss taught by wellness professionals, peer-led workshops, one-on-one guidance and home-based telephone and mail intercessions to multimedia schemes and experiential activities such as nut rient presentations, educational picture and group exercisings ( 1 ) . One survey ( 13 ) implemented and evaluated an educational plan for female parents who resided in a homeless shelter. The aim was to better the nutritionary position of stateless kids ages 18 months to 6 old ages. Mothers ‘ cognition of nutrition was tested before and after plan engagement. Four lessons aiming the nutritionary demands of immature kids based on growing and development demands were designed and addressed by a registered dietician. Classs were offered over a nine moth period and each category lasted an hr. As an inducement to promote engagement, female parents ‘ who completed all four categories were given bus base on ballss for one hebdomad, and their kids were given a healthy bite. Subjects for the four lessons were: Benefits of Beverages, Building Strong Bones and Muscles, Healthy Meal Choices, and Nutritious Snack Ideas. Teaching stuffs, press releases, and category activities were developed in a low-literacy format. Teaching stuffs were visually appeali ng, with a assortment of colourss and images. Ocular presentations were used to demo the differences in fat and sugar in healthy and non-healthy nutrient points. Consequences of the intercession found that female parents significantly scored higher on each post-test than on the comparable pretest ( 14 ) .Theory of FrameworkThe bulk of intercessions incorporated theoretical theoretical accounts or were guided by theories. Such documented theories included the transtheoretical ( phases of alteration ) theoretical account, societal cognitive theory theoretical account, the societal ecological model, the community intercession theoretical account, and the wellness publicity manner ( 1 ) . These theories were tailored to the participants ‘ conceptual adulthood. The Transtheoretical Model ( TTM ) will be used as a model for the intercession. Participants may be in different phases of the TTM throughout the plan, and the plan will on each phase of alteration so that everyone participating may profit.Nutritional Counseling in InterventionMethods of nutrition reding with behavioural dietetic guidance have proved good in increasing low-income grownups ‘ long term alterations in ingestion of fruit and veggies ( 14 ) . The combination of turn toing the importance of fruit and vegetable ingestion and its benefits to wellness with specific, individualized advice and short-run and long-run goal-setting proved to bring on alteration in this population. Steptoe et Al ( 14 ) compared brief nutrition reding with behavioural dietetic guidance in a primary attention puting. Each 15- minute audience was supported with written information, and an overall mark was to increase the consumption of veggies and fruit from baseline degrees. The nutrition redi ng group received instruction about the importance of increasing the consumption of veggies and fruit, and the nutritionary benefits were emphasized. The behavioural group was given reding tailored to each individual ‘s demands harmonizing to motivational preparedness, with personalized, specific advice and short-run and long-run end scene. Both methods of reding proven good in increasing low-income grownups ‘ ingestion of veggies and fruit.IncentivesIncentives were used in many intercessions to promote engagement and/or straight affect results. Incentives can be used to increase engagement and battle in the acquisition activities. Surveies have demonstrated that low-income populations may profit from inducements such as nutrient vouchers to better the affordability of veggies and fruit, and therefore increase ingestion ( 1 ) . These surveies provide grounds that authorities attempts should concentrate on taking the barriers of cost and handiness of healthy nutrients by turn toing societal and economic factors that will extenuate wellness unfairnesss.DrumheadThe reviewed literature provided positive results of step on ends of increasing nutritionary position and cognition of low-income participants. Nutrition intercessions aimed at low-income audiences tend to be delivered in an synergistic ocular format, are culturally appropriate, administered in accessible scenes, and give inducements to move on the information provided. Get the better ofing barriers refering to this population is of concern when planning this intercession plan. These barriers include low literacy, handiness, cognition and skill degree, and deficiency of clip and money. Experiential activities such as cooking presentations, group exercisings, and synergistic pictures have been used as schemes to turn to these barriers. Suggestions for polish of intercessions included: kid attention for care-givers and convenient timing of categories, integrating motivational factors impacting female parents ‘ abilities to use wellness publicity, and turn toing other factors other than instruction, such as life style, that affect healthy behaviours.Chapter IIIMethodsThe intent of this survey is to measure the effectivity of a community-nutrition intercession plan for low-income occupants take parting in the Inland Temporary Homes plan in Loma Linda, CA. Residence of Inland Temporary Homes will be take parting in a series of nutrition and lifesty le workshops. The plan is designed to increase the cognition of wellness and nutrition while advancing healthy life and feeding in a community of predominately low income households. Chapter III is an overview of the research participants, plan design and execution of the nutrition intercession.Survey ParticipantsParticipants of the survey are limited to low-income grownups ( ages 18 and older ) who presently participate in the Inland Temporary Homes ( ITH ) . Inland Temporary Homes is a non-profit organisation that provides lodging, rehabilitation, and ongoing support to homeless households throughout the Inland Empire ( 15 ) . Inland Temporary Homes is a nurturing place environment where households can emerge self-empowered with the cognition and tools to re-establish themselves in the community. Applications to inscribe in the plan are considered throughout the twelvemonth although infinite in the places is limited. Throughout their 60-90 twenty-four hours residence, it is requir ed that each grownup complete certain plans. One of the plans is go toing the City of Loma Linda ‘s series of nutrition workshops. Engagement in the Nutrition Workshop depends on when occupants enroll in the ITH plan and managers facilitate who attends the five hebdomad session of categories during the twelvemonth. Nutrition Workshops are offered four times a twelvemonth to suit for new enrollees and to do certain each occupant gets the chance to take part. Past workshops have accommodated anyplace from three to fifteen participants during a given session of categories. Once occupants of Inland Temporary Homes have been rehabilitated, they re-enter back into the work force with their households. Many of the participants find lodging in Loma Linda ‘s North Central Neighborhood.Study DesignThe survey will be a formative rating research survey focused on run intoing the plan, behavioural and learning aims. Knowledge of nutrition and physical activity will be tested before a nd after engagement in the plan. Pre-and post-intervention studies will besides be filled out by participants. The intercession calls for a upper limit of 15 participants to go to a 60 minute seminar together one time per hebdomad for a sum of five hebdomads. Weekly seminars will be developed and facilitated by a current MPH/Nutrition pupil at Loma Linda University and tailored to increase consciousness and cognition of the importance of physical activity, increasing fruit and vegetable ingestion and schemes relevant to accomplishing a healthy diet and life style and cut downing chronic disease hazard.IncentivesA alimentary repast will be prepared for participants at each workshop. Free nutrient is a great inducement for participants to go to the workshop. Free kid attention during the workshop will besides be offered to those who have little kids and cut down restrictions to go to. Participants will have a booklet consisting of reading stuff for each lesson program. Each hebdomad a fter the lesson, inquiries will be asked to the participants. If they answer the inquiries right, they will able to pick from a assortment of healthy nutrient options and awards. Participants will be able to maintain workshop stuff and booklets after go toing the fifth and concluding workshop. These inducements will heighten engagement within the population and attain attending throughout the full series of workshops.Meal EngagementA healthy and alimentary repast will be prepared for participants at the beginning of each workshop. Some repasts will include synergistic engagement from occupants. For illustration, a pizza crust along with shredded veggies will be premade and displayed and participants will be responsible to add veggies and low-fat cheese to their pizza. This battle of activity with the repasts will let participants to prosecute in merriment and healthy behaviours in a hands-on environment. Each formula prepared for category will be simple and easy to follow, low-cost and easy for participants to seek at their ain place with their households. Recipes for the highlighted repast will be given to each participant each hebdomad.Lesson PlansEach hebdomad a different subject will be covered. The subjects covered by hebdomad will be: 1. Introduction to the Food Guide Pyramid, 2. Reading a Label, 3. How to Shop in a Grocery Store, 4. The Basics of Cooking and Snacking and 5. Why Should You Trouble oneself with Nutrition? Videos will besides be shown during category as synergistic acquisition tools. Group engagement and treatment will be encouraged each hebdomad. This will give participants the opportunity to inquire inquiries, talk with each other, job solve and be accompanied by a nutrition pupil who can help them with any barriers they may hold sing the subjects. After each session, participants will compose down short term and long term ends they would wish to accomplish. The group atmosphere will promote participants to remain accountable of their en ds.Data Collection and ProceduresMeasures and InterpretationPre and post trial and studies will be conducted to mensurate and construe the effectivity of the intercession. The trials and studies will be administered in a manner so that the participant will remain anon. , but besides so the pre and station information can be compared on the same individual. Each set of studies and trials will hold a figure from 1 through 15 on the upper right manus corner. Each participant will randomly pick a set of documents and must retrieve the figure on their paper. Merely the participant will cognize their figure. A piece of paper will be handed out so that participants can compose down their name on the line matching to the figure they randomly picked. This paper will be kept in a safe topographic point in instance participants bury their figure. At so terminal of the intercession, studies and trials will besides hold Numberss 1 through 15. Each participant will be asked to make full out the s tudy and trial inquiries from the paper with the same figure they had during the pre-survey and pre-test. This will let the participants to experience more comfy reacting to the inquiries without uncovering themselves to the pupil. It will besides let comparing ratings to be determined for each participant. Surveies will utilize simple footings and be easy to read. Surveys will give participants the ability to turn to what they would wish to larn from the category and how good the category was for them. This will let the pupil to turn to specific issues within the lessons. Participants will be able to measure how they felt about the category anonymously with the manager of Inland Temporary Homes, and the information will be directed back to the pupil research worker. Surveies ( see appendix ) will besides inquire participants sing ; how frequently they visit fast nutrient constitutions, how many times they eat inside the place, soft drink and intoxicant ingestion, fruit, veggie, whole grain, dairy and meat ingestion, if they read nutrient labels, how many yearss per hebdomad they engage in physical activity and preparedness for alteration. The study will measure their phase of alteration in conformity to the Transtheoretical Model. Participant ‘s phase will be measured at the beginning and at the terminal of the intercession utilizing two methods. Measured on a graduated table of one to ten ( one being least confident, 10 being most confident ) participants will be asked to mensurate their current preparedness to increase fruit and vegetable ingestion from baseline ingestion and their self-efficacy to accomplish this end. Participants will besides be asked to weigh the Pros and Cons of increasing fruit and vegetable ingestion. Precontemplation is the phase in which people are non meaning to take action in a six month period. In this phase, the Pros of fruit and vegetable ingestion far outweighs the Cons and self-efficacy tonss are low because they may be uninformed about the wellness benefits or held back by fiscal agencies or other grounds. Contemplation is the phase in which participants are meaning to alter in the following six months. In this phase, the Pros and Cons are more equal and self-efficacy mark may be mean. In the Preparation, Action and Maintenance phases, the Cons of fruit and vegetable ingestion outweigh the Pros and self-efficacy tonss are comparatively high ( 16 ) . The pre and station trials ( see appendix ) will inquire inquiries refering to the lesson programs throughout the five hebdomads. Trials will inquire consecutive forward inquiries and be of appropriate literacy degree. Test tonss will be measured to measure if cognition was gained as a consequence of the lesson programs.Ethical ConsiderationsThe IRB regulations and ordinances will be followed during the class of this survey. Participants will be informed that any information they provide in respects to studies and trials will be kept confidential and non attached to anything that will take to the designation of the person who provided the information. Information provided will non specifically place the supplier of information. The pupil research worker must be a Certified Food Worker in the county of San Bernardino in order to fix and manage nutrient decently for the workshops.ProtocolsThere will be no prejudice refering to the research worker sing the population, category treatment s or results of the ratings. All information from participants will be kept confidential and merely accessible to the pupil research worker who will analysis the informations. Pre-and post-tests and studies will be graded and consequences will be implemented into SPSS by the pupil research worker.Data Measurement and AnalysisDatas from the studies will be entered into the SPSS plan and consequences evaluated. Pre and station trials will be graded manually by the pupil, and that information will be entered into SPSS for rating. To find the phase of alteration pre and station intercession, both the graduated table and list of pros and cons will be evaluated pre and station intercession by the pupil and entered into SBSS for comparing. The effectivity of the intercession will be determined by the consequences of the participants pre and station studies, trials, and rating of phase of alteration.BudgetThe City of Loma Linda with the fiscal assistance of the California Healthy Cities Gra nt aimed to better nutrition and the quality of life among the low income occupants of Inland Temporary Homes. The grant enables the City of Loma Linda to engage a pupil houseman from the Loma Linda School of Public Health, Nutrition Department as the Nutrition and Wellness Educator. The financess will patronize the workshops for Inland Temporary Homes.Annual Cost of Workshop ( For 15 Participants )Forces Cost:-Student Intern $ 1,000 -Child Care $ 200Supplies:-Prizes- $ 100 -Folders $ 20 -Printed Material $ 50 Food & A ; Beverage: $ 800 Transportation system: $ 100 Facility: $ 250Entire COST $ 2,520MentionsChaudhary N. Kreiger N. Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions for Low-Income Populations. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 2007 ; 68:201-206. Schwarz K, Garrett B, Hampsey J, Thompson D. High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Homeless Baltimore Children and Their Health professionals: A Pilot Study. MedGenMed. 2007 ; 9 ( 1 ) :48. Jones C, Perera A, Chow M, Ho I, Nguyen J, Davachi S. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among the Poor and Homeless-What We Know So Far. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2009 ; 5:69-77. Plumb J. Homelessness: attention, bar, and public policy. Ann Intern Med. 1997 ; 126:973-975. Schanzer B, Dominguez B, Shrout PE, Caton CLM. Home-lessness, wellness position, and wellness attention usage. Am J Public Health. 2007 ; 97:464-469. Chau S, Chin M, Chang J, et Al. Cancer hazard behaviours and testing rates among stateless grownups in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 ; 11:431-438. Burt MR. Helping America ‘s Homeless. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press ; 2001. ( Statistics in this brief are based on the 1996 National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau: 1996 ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2008, 2009 ) . Childhood Overweight. Retrieved January 13, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnp a/obesity/childhood/index.htm Dammann K, Smith C. Factors Affecting Low-income Women ‘s Food Choices and the Perceived Impact of Dietary Intake and Socioeconomic Status on Their Health and Weight. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2009 ; 41 ( 4 ) :242-252. Strasser JA, Damrosch S, Gaines J. Nutrition and the homeless individual. J Commun Health Nursing. 1991 ; 8:65-73. Luder E, Boey E, Buchalter B, Martinez-Weber C. Assessment of the nutritionary position of urban homeless grownups. Public Health Rep. 1989 ; 104:451-457. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for bar of coronary bosom disease. JAMA. 2002 ; 288:2569-2578. Yousey Y, Leake J, Wdowik M, Janken J. Education in a Homeless Shelter to Better the Nutrition of Young Children. Public Health Nursing. 2007 ; 24 ( 3 ) :249-255 Steptoe A, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Rink E, Hilton S, Cappuccio Fp. Behavioural reding to increase ingestion of fruit and veggies in low income grownups: randomized test. BMJ 2003 ; 326:885-861 Inland Temporary Homes. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ithomes.org/ . Accessed February 13, 2010. Prochaska, J.O. , et Al. Detailed Overview of the Transtheoretical Model. Retrieved 11/06/09 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uri.edu/research/cprc/TTM/detailedoverview.ht